تاثیر حشره‌کش بینو 2 و عوامل بیماریزای قارچی بر فعالیت آنزیم‌های گوارشی، سم زدا و کیتینازی شته مومی کلم ، Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران

2 گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه ارومیه، ایران

3 پژوهشکده زیست فناوری، دانشگاه آنکارا، آنکارا، ترکیه

4 گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه یوزینجی یل، وان، ترکیه.

چکیده

شته مومی کلم Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)، یکی از مهمترین آفات محصولات کلم می‌باشد. استفاده از حشره‌کش‌هایی با منشا گیاهی و عوامل کنترل بیولوژیک نظیر قارچ‌های بیماری‌زای حشرات  به عنوان روش­های تکمیلی در مدیریت تلفیقی آفت مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. در این پژوهش، تاثیر حشره­کش بینو 2 و دو گونه قارچ بیماری‌زای حشرات، Metarhizium anisopliae AB و Lecanicillium lecanii 229، به‌عنوان حشره‌کش‌های بیولوژیک، روی محتوای پروتئینی، فعالیت پروتئازهای گوارشی، آنزیم کیتیناز، آنزیم های استیل‌کولین استراز و گلوتاتیون-اس-ترانسفراز حشره کامل شته مومی کلم در دمای 2±25 درجه سلسیوس، رطوبت نسبی 5±60 درصد و دوره نوری 16 ساعت روشنایی و 8 ساعت تاریکی بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از غلظت کشنده (LC50) ایزوله‌های قارچی با افزایش ترشح آنزیم‌های پروتئازی و کیتینازی باعث هضم پروتئین و کیتین موجود در کوتیکول شته شده و حساسیت شته‌ها را نسبت به این عوامل افزایش دادند. همچنین حشره­کش بینو2 با کاهش میزان پروتئین و مهار فعالیت آنزیم‌های گوارشی، اثر ضدتغذیه‌ای داشته است. به موازات کاهش فعالیت آنزیم های گوارشی، فعالیت آنزیم­های سم­زدا هم تحت تاثیر حشره­کش بینو2 کاهش یافت. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که قارچ‌های مورد مطالعه و حشره­کش بینو2 منجر به افزایش مرگ و میر حشرات کامل شته مومی کلم شدند و از اطلاعات حاصله می‌توان در مدیریت این آفت استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

Extended Abstract

Introduction

The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is known one of the most destructive pests, causing damage either directly by sucking or indirectly by secreting honeydew. It is also known as a vectors of various plant viruses. Chemical insecticides are the primary strategy used to control aphids. However, extensive usage of insecticides results in resistance and other toxicity problems for humans, natural enemies and environment. Consequently, the aforementioned side effects of insecticides have stimulated studies exploring the complementary methods to control of aphids. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) which are effective a wide range of insect pests are known as a valuable biological control agents against insect pests. Some EPFs, including Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorok. and Lecanicillium lecanii Zimm known as fungal endophytes, have negative effects on insects. Because of some exclusive characteristics of EPFs including specificity against target pests, environmentally friendly formulations, and compatibility with insecticides, they are considered as biological agents in integrated pest management programs. The commercial products of the most important EPFs such M. anisopliae and L. lecanii have received increasing intrest in pest control. In the present research, we used two native isolates, M. anisopliae and L. lecanii. The usage of native isolates has advantages including compatibility with the environment, insecticides, and native pests and not causing adverse effects on indigenous species. Sophora flavescens Ait. (Fabaceae), Bino2®, is a plant- derived insecticide which has different insecticidal, and antifeedant activity against plant- sucking pests such as aphids, grasshoppers, mites, etc. The insecticidal activity of herbal and biorational insecticide, refers to the existence of alkaloids, i. e. Sophocarpine, oxymatrine, matrine, isomatrine.

 

Materials and Methods

In the present study, the effect of two aforementioned EPFs and Bino2 were examined  on the digestion, detoxification enzymes, and chitinase activity of cabbage aphid adults at a temperature of 25±2 °C, relative humidity of 60±5% and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L: D). The dipping method was used in bioassay tests. Briefly, the cabbage leaf discs were dipped in five different concentrations of Bino2 (150, 185.39, 229.13, 283.90, and 350 µl/L) for 10 s. In terms of EPFs, the used concentrations were in the ranges of 101-105 (conidia/mL) containing 0.05% Tween 80. The treated leaves were air-dried for 30 min at room temperature, and then 15 adults of cabbage aphid were released into the ventilated Petri dishes containing the treated leaflet.  Distilled water and the distilled water containing 0.05% Tween 80 were used as controls for Bino2 and EPFs, respectively. The bioassay tests were replicated four times for each concentration of Bino2, EPFs, and controls. The percentage of adult mortality was counted 48 h and 6 days after treatment for Bino2 and EPFs, respectively. The lethal concentrations (LC50, LC90), and 95% confidence limits in each treatment were obtained using the Probit analysis, which was conducted by SPSS software (Ver. 20, 2011). Analysis of variance between treatments was done and the means were evaluated by Tukey’s multiple-range test and T-test for EPFs and Bino2, respectively using SPSS software Ver. 20, 2011).

 

Results and Discussion

The results indicated that lethal concentration (LC50) of the fungal isolates increased the protease and chitinase enzyme activity in the aphid cuticle, which in turn increased the sensitivity of aphids to the aforementioned agents. There were significant differences between EPFs isolates regarding trypsin (F=4.58; df= 2, 6; P꞊0.038) and chitinase (F=3.21; df=2, 6; P꞊0.021) activity. The highest and lowest trypsin activity was obtained on M. anisoplia (0.1595±0.0236 µmol/min/mg protein) and L. lecanii isolates (0.066±0.0027 µmol/min/mg protein), respectively. Also, the highest and lowest chitinase activity was obtained M. anisoplia (0.1722±0.0025) and control treatments (0.0080±0.0021) µmol/min/mg protein, respectively. However, there was no significant difference (F=0.48; df = 2, 6; P꞊0.704) between EPFs isolates regarding chymotrypsin activity. Bino2 insecticide had an anti-nutritional effect by reducing the amount of protein and inhibiting the digestive enzymes activity. The results indicated that the adults of aphids which exposed to the LC50 concentration of Bino2 (247.60 µl/L) had the lowest protein content (0.08±0.027 mg protein/ mg adult weights), and protease (0.0076±0.0002 µmol/min) activity. Along with digestive enzyme activity, the of detoxification enzymes of the cabbage aphid adults were affected by LC50 concentration of Bino2. The lowest and highest acetylcholinesterase (0.0011±0.0003 µmol/min/mg protein) and glutathion-s transferase (0.0014±0.0006 µmol/min/mg protein) activity were found on Bino2 adults compared to control group.

 

Conclusion

The overall results of this research showed that either the tested entomopathogenic fungi or Bino2 insecticide, led to an increase in the mortality of cabbage aphids and the obtained information can be used in the management of this pest.

مراجع

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کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماری های گیاهی
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فروردین 1402
صفحه 73-94

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