Sublethal effects of thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and spiromesifen, on life history and population growth of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

Document Type : Complete paper

Authors

1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2 Plant Protection Research Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is one of the most important endoparasitoids of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). In this study, we investigated the sub-lethal effects (LC25) of two insecticides, thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and spiromsifen, on the life table and population growth parameters of E. formosa under laboratory conditions. Bioassays were conducted by dipping bean leaves containing parasitized third instar nymphs of T. vaporariorum in the obtained LC25 concentrations of the two insecticides. The life table data were analyzed using the computer program TWOSEX–MSChart based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The results showed that the shortest pre-adult period and the lowest survival rate were recorded in the F1 generation of parasitoides exposed to spiromsifen. Additionally, both thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and spiromesifen reduced adult longevity, fecundity rate and reproductive days compared to the control group. However, using of sub-lethal concentration of spiromesifen negatively affeted on the population growth parameters (R0, r, and λ) of E. formosa, while thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate had no side effects on these parameters. The findings of this research suggest that thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate has the less harmful effect compared to spiromesifen on E. formosa, likely due to the biorational properties. This makes thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate a promising option for the management of T. vaporariorum. It would be better to evaluate complementary experiments in terms of its side effects against other natural enemis of greenhouse whitefly under greenhouse conditions.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Extended Abstract

Introduction

    Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Westwood is one of the most important pests of vegetables, and ornamental plants. Usage of either biological agents or chemical control are considered in management of greenhouse whitefly. Therefore knowing the compatibility and effect of insecticides on biological agents is essential for the effective integration of chemical and biological control. For this reason, in this study, the lethal and sub-lethal effects (LC25) of two insecticides, thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and spiromsifen were evaluated on life table and population growth parameters of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), as one of the most important endoparasitoids of greenhouse whitefly under laboratory conditions. The lethal effects of insecticides lead to the death of the insect, while the sublethal effects may have different aspects. The sublethal effects of insecticides can reduce the performance of biological agents that play a key role in predicting the success of natural enemies in IPM programs.

Materials and Methods

    The colony of whitefly used in the experiment was collected on ornamental crops (vervain and hollyhocks). The whitefly population was reared on bean var. MINA in plastic pots (15 × 19 cm) under controlled greenhouse conditions (27 ± 2°C, 65% ± 10% RH, and a photoperiod of 16: 8 [L: D] h). It is worth mentioning that in order to equalize the bioassay test conditions with greenhouse and field conditions, the LC25 concentration obtained for T. vaporariorum was used in the tests related to the sublethal effects of parasitoid wasps.

The dipping method was used in bioassay and life table studies against parasitized of the third instar nymphs of the whitefly T. vaporariorum. The LC50 value of thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and spiromsifen insecticides for parasitized third instar nymphs of the whitefly were 392.627 and 854.871 ppm, respectively after 24 hours. The LC25 concentrations (117.520 and 731.548 ppm) were used to estimate the sub-lethal effects of  thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and spiromsifen on the biological parameters of parasitized third instar nymphs of the whitefly. The age stage, two-sex life table method was used to analyze the collected data. We used the bootstrap technique with 100,000 iterations to estimate the variance and standard errors of the biological and population parameters and used Sigma Plot software to draw graphs. The growth of the pest population in a period of 60 days was done using Timing-MsChart software.

 

Results

     According to the results, the shortest pre-adult period and the lowest survival rate were recorded in the F1 generation of E. formosa were exposed to spiromsifen. The adult lifespan/longevity was significantly different from the control by LC25 concentration of mentioned insecticides. The longest lifespan of adult parasitoid in control treatment was recorded as 21.0 days. Fecundity were significantly reduced in sublethal concentration of the insecticides compared to the control. The highest value of fecundity in control treatment was recorded 17.76 eggs per female and the lowest value in spiromesifen treatment was 3.38 eggs per female. The mean oviposition period of parasitoides decreased from 4.59 days in control to 3 and 1.92 days in LC25 concentration of thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and spiromsifen insecticides respectively. Additionally, usage of sublethal concentration of spiromesifen had negatively effects on the population growth parameters (R0, r, and λ), but thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate had no side effects on population growth parameters of E. formosa. Also, the sublethal concentration of thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and spiromsifen reduced the net reproductive rate (R0) from 15.1 nymphs per female in the control treatment to 7.3 and 2.2 nymphs in thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and spiromsifen insecticides, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was recorded 0.1410 (day-1) on control and 0.1260 and 0.0500 (day-1) on thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate and spiromsifen, respectively. The  finite rate of increase (λ) and gross reproductive rate (GRR), in spiromesifen treatment were also significantly lower than the control. The mean generation time (T) of treatment affected by LC25 concentration of insecticides reduced compared to the control treatment.

 

Discussion

    The findings of this research suggested that thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate was the less side effect compared to spiromesifen on E. formosa, likely due to the its biorational properties and this makes it as a promising option for the management of T. vaporariorum. Due to the broad-spectrum effects of thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate, it would be better to evaluate complementary experiments in terms of its side effects against other natural enemis of greenhouse whitefly under greenhouse conditions.

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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES
Volume 12, Issue 1
April 2024
Pages 111-131

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