Effects of plant-based insecticide, Bino2 and entomopathogenic fungi on the digestion, detoxification, and chitinase activity of Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Document Type : Complete paper

Authors

1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2 Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

3 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey

Abstract

Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), is one of the most important pests of cabbage crops. The use of plant-based insecticides, as well as biological control agents such as insect pathogenic fungi, has been considered as complementary methods in integrated pest management. In this research, the effect of Bino2 and two types of entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae AB and Lecanicillium lecanii 229, as biological insecticides on the protein content, digestive protease activity, chitinase enzyme, acetylcholinesterase and glutathione-S-transferase enzymes of the cabbage aphid adults were examined at a temperature of 25±2 °C, relative humidity of 60±5% and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L: D). The results indicated that the use of lethal concentration (LC50) of the fungal isolates caused the digestion of protein and chitin in the aphid cuticle, which in turn increased the sensitivity of aphids to these agents by increasing the secretion of protease and chitinase enzymes.  Also, the Bino2 insecticide had an anti-nutritional effect by reducing the amount of protein and inhibiting the activity of digestive enzymes. In parallel to the decrease in the activity of digestive enzymes, the activity of detoxifying enzymes also decreased under the influence of the Bino2. The results of this research showed that the tested entomopathogenic fungi and Bino2 insecticide led to an increase in the mortality of cabbage aphids, thus the obtained information can be used in the management of this pest.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Extended Abstract

Introduction

The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is known one of the most destructive pests, causing damage either directly by sucking or indirectly by secreting honeydew. It is also known as a vectors of various plant viruses. Chemical insecticides are the primary strategy used to control aphids. However, extensive usage of insecticides results in resistance and other toxicity problems for humans, natural enemies and environment. Consequently, the aforementioned side effects of insecticides have stimulated studies exploring the complementary methods to control of aphids. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) which are effective a wide range of insect pests are known as a valuable biological control agents against insect pests. Some EPFs, including Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorok. and Lecanicillium lecanii Zimm known as fungal endophytes, have negative effects on insects. Because of some exclusive characteristics of EPFs including specificity against target pests, environmentally friendly formulations, and compatibility with insecticides, they are considered as biological agents in integrated pest management programs. The commercial products of the most important EPFs such M. anisopliae and L. lecanii have received increasing intrest in pest control. In the present research, we used two native isolates, M. anisopliae and L. lecanii. The usage of native isolates has advantages including compatibility with the environment, insecticides, and native pests and not causing adverse effects on indigenous species. Sophora flavescens Ait. (Fabaceae), Bino2®, is a plant- derived insecticide which has different insecticidal, and antifeedant activity against plant- sucking pests such as aphids, grasshoppers, mites, etc. The insecticidal activity of herbal and biorational insecticide, refers to the existence of alkaloids, i. e. Sophocarpine, oxymatrine, matrine, isomatrine.

 

Materials and Methods

In the present study, the effect of two aforementioned EPFs and Bino2 were examined  on the digestion, detoxification enzymes, and chitinase activity of cabbage aphid adults at a temperature of 25±2 °C, relative humidity of 60±5% and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L: D). The dipping method was used in bioassay tests. Briefly, the cabbage leaf discs were dipped in five different concentrations of Bino2 (150, 185.39, 229.13, 283.90, and 350 µl/L) for 10 s. In terms of EPFs, the used concentrations were in the ranges of 101-105 (conidia/mL) containing 0.05% Tween 80. The treated leaves were air-dried for 30 min at room temperature, and then 15 adults of cabbage aphid were released into the ventilated Petri dishes containing the treated leaflet.  Distilled water and the distilled water containing 0.05% Tween 80 were used as controls for Bino2 and EPFs, respectively. The bioassay tests were replicated four times for each concentration of Bino2, EPFs, and controls. The percentage of adult mortality was counted 48 h and 6 days after treatment for Bino2 and EPFs, respectively. The lethal concentrations (LC50, LC90), and 95% confidence limits in each treatment were obtained using the Probit analysis, which was conducted by SPSS software (Ver. 20, 2011). Analysis of variance between treatments was done and the means were evaluated by Tukey’s multiple-range test and T-test for EPFs and Bino2, respectively using SPSS software Ver. 20, 2011).

 

Results and Discussion

The results indicated that lethal concentration (LC50) of the fungal isolates increased the protease and chitinase enzyme activity in the aphid cuticle, which in turn increased the sensitivity of aphids to the aforementioned agents. There were significant differences between EPFs isolates regarding trypsin (F=4.58; df= 2, 6; P꞊0.038) and chitinase (F=3.21; df=2, 6; P꞊0.021) activity. The highest and lowest trypsin activity was obtained on M. anisoplia (0.1595±0.0236 µmol/min/mg protein) and L. lecanii isolates (0.066±0.0027 µmol/min/mg protein), respectively. Also, the highest and lowest chitinase activity was obtained M. anisoplia (0.1722±0.0025) and control treatments (0.0080±0.0021) µmol/min/mg protein, respectively. However, there was no significant difference (F=0.48; df = 2, 6; P꞊0.704) between EPFs isolates regarding chymotrypsin activity. Bino2 insecticide had an anti-nutritional effect by reducing the amount of protein and inhibiting the digestive enzymes activity. The results indicated that the adults of aphids which exposed to the LC50 concentration of Bino2 (247.60 µl/L) had the lowest protein content (0.08±0.027 mg protein/ mg adult weights), and protease (0.0076±0.0002 µmol/min) activity. Along with digestive enzyme activity, the of detoxification enzymes of the cabbage aphid adults were affected by LC50 concentration of Bino2. The lowest and highest acetylcholinesterase (0.0011±0.0003 µmol/min/mg protein) and glutathion-s transferase (0.0014±0.0006 µmol/min/mg protein) activity were found on Bino2 adults compared to control group.

 

Conclusion

The overall results of this research showed that either the tested entomopathogenic fungi or Bino2 insecticide, led to an increase in the mortality of cabbage aphids and the obtained information can be used in the management of this pest.

References

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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES
Volume 12, Issue 1
April 2024
Pages 73-94

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