Compatibility of two native isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae IRMoghan1 and Steinernema feltiae with bio-rational insecticide Flubendiamide

Document Type : Complete paper

Author

Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

One of the important aspects of the field application of entomopathogenic nematodes is their compatibility with common chemicals in agricultural systems. In this research, the effect of bio-rational insecticide, flubendiamide on the survival and pathogenicity of native entomopathogenic nematode isolates, Steinernema carpocapsae IRMoghan1 and Steinernema feltiae was evaluated. For the survival experiment, nematode suspensions (500 IJml-1) were prepared in 150 ml recommended dose of flubendiamide (25 ppm) and at different time intervals (24, 48 and 72 hours and seven days) survival percentages of the nematodes were recorded. For the pathogenicity experiment, the nematodes that were exposed to the insecticide were used in the bioassay against Galleria mellonella (concentration of 150 IJ Larvae-1) and the mortality of the insects was recorded after 72 hours. Based on the results of variance analysis, S. carpocapsae IRMoghan1 showed higher mortality compared to S. feltiae due to flubendiamide treatment (P ≤ 0.01). Also, after 24 hours and 48 hours of treatment with flubendiamide, the lowest percentage of mortality and seven days after the treatment, the highest mortality rate of the nematodes were observed (P ≤ 0.01). Statistical analysis of the bioassay results of nematodes recovered from different time treatments with flubendiamide insecticide on G. mellonella larvae showed no significant difference between two nematode isolates (p˃0.05). Flubendiamide was considered compatible with and harmless (Class 1) to both native isolates according to IOBC/WPRS. Compatibility of the native isolates is a valuable characteristic for application development of EPNs in the country.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Extended Abstract

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are obligate parasites of insects and some other arthropods that cause the death of their hosts with the help of their symbiotic bacteria. Those nematodes are valuable biological control agents for pests. The compatibility of EPNs with insecticides is of great importance to use the mixture in the tank of sprayers or the simultaneous use of nematodes with insecticides in the integrated pest management (IPM) systems. On the one hand, such compatibility leads to economic savings in the application of control agents, and on the other hand, increasing the pest control percentage due to the combination of nematodes with insecticides, without increasing the concentration of insecticides, achieves positive economic and environmental benefits. The compatibility of EPNs is a species and isolates specific characteristics. In this research, the effect of bio-rational insecticide on the survival and pathogenicity of infective juveniles (IJ) native isolates of EPNs, Steinernema carpocapsae IRMoghan1, and Steinernema feltiae was evaluated. For the survival experiment, a suspension containing 500 IJml-1 of each nematode isolate was prepared in 150 milliliters of the recommended dose of flubendiamide (25 ppm). Then, five milliliters of the suspension were poured into Petri dishes (diameter 5.5 cm, in 30 Petri dishes). A similar concentration of IJ of both EPN isolates was prepared in distilled water and transferred into Petri dishes as a control. Petri dishes were sealed with Parafilm and incubated at 24 ± 1 °C in the dark for 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and seven days. At each time interval, five Petri dishes were examined for viability and pathogenicity of nematodes. For each treatment, in each time interval, 500 microliters of suspension were taken from Petri dishes in three replicates, and live and dead infecting larvae were counted under a stereomicroscope. Inactivated nematode larvae were considered dead if they remained motionless after stimulation. The experiment was repeated three times on three different days for each nematode isolate. The pathogenicity of the nematodes that were exposed to the flubendiamide was tested at each time interval. First, the prepared nematode-insecticide suspensions were washed three times with sterile distilled water to remove the insecticide residues. Then nematode suspension was prepared in distilled water (600 live and active nematode larvae per ml) for each treatment (each nematode isolate and control). Bioassay experiments on Galleria mellonella were performed in 12-well cell culture plates (length 12.3, width 8.25 and height 2.23 cm) which were covered with filter paper. In each well, 250 microliters of nematode suspension (150 IJ) and one last instar larva of G. mellonella were added. The plates were incubated at 24±1°C in the dark for 72 hours. Then, the mortality of G. mellonella larvae was recorded and to ensure the death of the insect due to nematode infection, the carcasses were dissected and the presence of nematodes inside the carcasses was confirmed. The results of variance analysis showed a significant difference in the percentage of mortality of two species of nematodes treated with flubendiamide insecticide (p<0.001) ; S. carpocapse IRMoghan1 showed higher mortality compared to S. feltiae due to flubendiamide treatment. Statistical analysis of the bioassay results of nematodes recovered from different time treatments with flubendiamide on G. mellonella larvae showed no significant difference between two nematode isolates (p˃0.05), although both nematode isolates caused higher mortality on G. mellonella than the control without nematodes. The high percentage of mortality of the larvae in the bioassay with flubendiamide-treated EPNs indicates the high efficiency of native isolates. Based on the results the native EPN isolates showed a high compatibility with flubendiamide, which is a valuable advantage for both Iranian isolates.

ابوترابی، المیرا؛ و فرخی، شهرام (1397). ارزیابی بیمارگری Steinernema feltiae روی بید گوجه فرنگی Tuta absoluta در شرایط آزمایشگاه و گلخانه. مهار زیستی در گیاه پزشکی، 6، . 31-41
اشتری، صدیقه؛ صباحی، قدرت­اله؛ و طالبی جهرمی، خلیل (1397). اثر برخی آفت‌کش‌ها بر روی مینوز گوجه‌فرنگی (Lep.: Gelechiidae) Tuta absoluta و دو گونۀ زنبور پارازیتوئید Trichogramma brassicae (Hym: Trichogrammatidae) وT. evanescens . دانش گیاهپزشکی ایران، 49، 341-351.
شیخی گرجان، عزیز؛ رحمانی، مرضیه؛ ایمانی، سهراب؛ و  جوادزاده، مهران )1397). اثر حشره­کش­های نسل جدید روی بید گوجه‌فرنگی  Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و گلخانه­ای، پژوهش­های کاربردی در گیاهپزشکی 7، 108-97.

References

Abbott, W.A. (1925). A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 18, 265-267.
Abutorabi, E., & Farrokhi, S. (2019). Efficacy of a native isolate of Steinernema feltiae on tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Biocontrol in Plant Protection6(2), 31-41. (In Persian).
Abd-Elgawad, M. M. (2023). Optimizing entomopathogenic nematode genetics and applications for the integrated management of horticultural pests. Horticulturae9(8), 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080865
Alumai, A., & Grewal, P. S. (2004). Tank-mix compatibility of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae, with selected chemical pesticides used in turfgrass. Biocontrol Science and Technology14(7), 725-730. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150410001724334
Amizadeh, M., Hejazi, M. J., Niknam, G., & Askari-Saryazdi, G. (2019). Interaction between the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae and selected chemical insecticides for management of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absolutaBiocontrol64, 709-721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-019-09973-x
Ashtari, S., Sabahi, Q., & Talebi Jahromi, K. (2019). Effects of some insecticides against tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and egg parasitoids Trichogramma brassicae and T. evanescens (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae). Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science49(2), 341-351. (In Persian).
Batalla-Carrera, L., Morton, A., & García-del-Pino, F. (2010). Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. BioControl55, 523-530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-010-9284-z
Campos-Herrera, R., Jaffuel, G., Chiriboga, X., Blanco-Pérez, R., Fesselet, M., Půža, V., Mascher, F. & Turlings, T.C. (2015). Traditional and molecular detection methods reveal intense interguild competition and other multitrophic interactions associated with native entomopathogenic nematodes in Swiss tillage soils. Plant and Soil389, 237-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2358-4
Chang, P. E. C., & Metz, M. A. (2021). Classification of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae: Gelechiinae: Gnorimoschemini) based on cladistic analysis of morphology. Proceedings of the entomological Society of Washington123(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.123.1.41
Desneux, N., Han, P., Mansour, R., Arnó, J., Brévault, T., Campos, M. R., Chailleux, A., Guedes, R.N., Karimi, J., Konan, K.A.J., & Lavoir, A.V. (2022). Integrated pest management of Tuta absoluta: practical implementations across different world regions. Journal of Pest Science, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-021-01442-8
Ebrahimi, L. (2023). Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes and flubendiamide against tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechiidae). 4th Iranian International congress of Entomology, 18–20 September, Iran.
Ebrahimi, L., Niknam, G., & Lewis, E. E. (2011). Lethal and sublethal effects of Iranian isolates of Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora on the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineataBioControl56, 781-788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9343-0
Ebrahimi, L., TanhaMaafi, Z., & Sharifi, P. (2019). First report of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, from Moghan region of Iran and its efficacy against the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum Denis and Schiffermuller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), larvae. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 29, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-019-0168-y
Garcia-del-Pino, F., Alabern, X., & Morton, A. (2013). Efficacy of soil treatments of entomopathogenic nematodes against the larvae, pupae and adults of Tuta absoluta and their interaction with the insecticides used against this insect. BioControl58, 723-731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-013-9525-z
Husin, T. O. B., & Port, G. R. (2021). Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against Tuta absolutaBiological Control160, 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2021.104699
Jean-Baptiste, M. C., de Brida, A. L., Bernardi, D., da Costa Dias, S., de Bastos Pazini, J., Leite, L. G., Wilcken, S.R.S. & Garcia, F. R. M. (2021). Effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematodes against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae and nematode compatibility with chemical insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology114(1), 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa301
Khan, R. R., Arshad, M., Aslam, A., & Arshad, M. (2021). Additive interactions of some reduced-risk biocides and two entomopathogenic nematodes suggest implications for integrated control of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Scientific Reports11(1), 1268. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79725-w
Koppenhöfer, A. M., Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., & Hiltpold, I. (2020). Entomopathogenic nematodes in sustainable food production. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems4, 125. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00125
Laznik, Ž., & Trdan, S. (2014). The influence of insecticides on the viability of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) under laboratory conditions. Pest Management Science70(5), 784-789. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3614
Nalinci, E., Karagoz, M., Gulcu, B., Ulug, D., Gulsen, S. H., Cimen, H., Touray, M., David Shapiro-Ilan, D. & Hazir, S. (2021). The effect of chemical insecticides on the scavenging performance of Steinernema carpocapsae: Direct effects and exposure to insects killed by chemical insecticides. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology184, 107641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2021.107641
Ndereyimana, A., Nyalala, S., Murerwa, P., & Gaidashova, S. (2020). Field efficacy of entomopathogens and plant extracts on Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) infesting tomato in Rwanda. Crop Protection134, 105183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105183
Peters, A. (2003). Pesticides and entomopathogenic nematodes-current status and future work. IOBC WPRS Bulletin26(5), 107-110.
SAS Institute (2012). SAS Enterprise Guide ver. 9.3.
Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Gouge, D. H., & Koppenhöfer, A. M. (2002). Factors affecting commercial success: case studies in cotton, turf and citrus. In Entomopathogenic Nematology (pp. 333-355). Wallingford UK: CABI publishing.
Sheikhi Garjan, A., Rahmani, M., Emani, S., & Javadzadeh, M. (2018). Toxicity of some new generation insecticides against tomato Leafminer Moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection7(1), 99-108. (In Persian).
Turkoz, S. & Kaşkavalci, G. (2016). Determination of the efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under laboratory conditions. Turkish Journal of Entomology40(2). https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.92606
 
Vainio, A. (1992). Guideline for laboratory testing of the side-effects of pesticides on entomophagous nematodes Steinernema spp. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 15, 145–147.
Van Damme, V. M., Beck, B. K., Berckmoes, E., Moerkens, R., Wittemans, L., De Vis, R., Nuyttens D., Casteels, H.F., Maes, M., Tirry, L., & De Clercq, P. (2016). Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against larvae of Tuta absoluta in the laboratory. Pest Management Science72(9), 1702-1709. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.419
Woodring, J. L., & Kaya, H. K. (1988). Steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes: a handbook of biology and techniques. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin (USA).