پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران موسسه تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES 2322-2883 5 1 2016 05 21 Study on the effects of four medicinal plant essential oils and two Trichoderma species on biocontrol of grape fruit rot fungi Study on the effects of four medicinal plant essential oils and two Trichoderma species on biocontrol of grape fruit rot fungi 1 12 58548 10.22059/jbioc.2016.58548 FA Mahdi Davari Robab Ezazi Journal Article 2016 01 01 Grape, like other horticultural products due to high humidity, low relative pH and wealth of nutrients, is subjected to attack by pathogenic fungi during the harvest and storage stages. In this study, at first, the some post-harvest pathogenic fungi of grape were isolated in Meshgin-shahr and two fungal species including Botrytis cinerea and Cladosporium cladosporioides were identified as the domonant species. Aspergillus tubingensis, causal agent of fruit rot and toxigenic species on grape and raisin was selected as well. In order to evaluate their biocontrol possibility, the effects of Trichoderma harzianum T447 and T. hamatum T622 and four medicinal plant essential oils (EOs) including mentha, spearmint, fennel and yarrow were tested in vitro. Results revealed that both of anthagonistic fungi were prospering than pathogenic fungi in nutrient competition and their volatile metabolites showed the highest inhibition to C. cladosporioides. 10% filtrate culture extract of T. harzianum T447 could effectively (≥85%) prevented the fungal mycelial growth. Also, our results showed that fungal species, EO type and its concentration play a critical role (P≤0.01) in fungal mycelia inhibition. Mentha and fennel EOs were known respectively as the most effective and weakest treatments. GC-MS analysis demonstrated that piperitoneoxid and Cis piperitone oxide, L-Menthone, dimethyl-4(E),6-octadien-2-ol and trans-Anethole were the main components of the essential oils of Mentha longifolia, M. spicata, Foeniculum vulgare and Achillea sp., respectively. Due to the significant inhibition of essential oils and biocontrol fungi, additional researches about their use for grape post-harvest diseases control are recommended. Grape, like other horticultural products due to high humidity, low relative pH and wealth of nutrients, is subjected to attack by pathogenic fungi during the harvest and storage stages. In this study, at first, the some post-harvest pathogenic fungi of grape were isolated in Meshgin-shahr and two fungal species including Botrytis cinerea and Cladosporium cladosporioides were identified as the domonant species. Aspergillus tubingensis, causal agent of fruit rot and toxigenic species on grape and raisin was selected as well. In order to evaluate their biocontrol possibility, the effects of Trichoderma harzianum T447 and T. hamatum T622 and four medicinal plant essential oils (EOs) including mentha, spearmint, fennel and yarrow were tested in vitro. Results revealed that both of anthagonistic fungi were prospering than pathogenic fungi in nutrient competition and their volatile metabolites showed the highest inhibition to C. cladosporioides. 10% filtrate culture extract of T. harzianum T447 could effectively (≥85%) prevented the fungal mycelial growth. Also, our results showed that fungal species, EO type and its concentration play a critical role (P≤0.01) in fungal mycelia inhibition. Mentha and fennel EOs were known respectively as the most effective and weakest treatments. GC-MS analysis demonstrated that piperitoneoxid and Cis piperitone oxide, L-Menthone, dimethyl-4(E),6-octadien-2-ol and trans-Anethole were the main components of the essential oils of Mentha longifolia, M. spicata, Foeniculum vulgare and Achillea sp., respectively. Due to the significant inhibition of essential oils and biocontrol fungi, additional researches about their use for grape post-harvest diseases control are recommended.

https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_58548_9f599587554bf98929f7f322976f73fa.pdf

پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران موسسه تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES 2322-2883 5 1 2016 05 21 Biological control of gray mold of three cultivar of strawberry using Bacillus strains Biological control of gray mold of three cultivar of strawberry using Bacillus strains 13 23 58549 10.22059/jbioc.2016.58549 FA Jahanshir Amini University of Kurdistan Sasan Faizi Soheila Mirzaei Journal Article 2015 12 18 In this research, the ability of Bacillus strains in suppression of mycelial growth and conidial germination of B. cinerea against Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry were evaluated in three cultivars of strawberry including Quineliza, Paros and Kurdistan. Results indicated that among 32 strains of Bacillus, ten strains showed strong inhibitory effects against B. cinerea using the plate assay and they are selected for further studies. Antagonistic effects of Bacillus stains against the disease were evaluated through dual-culture, volatile and extracellular compounds using plate assays. Results indicated that all Bacillus strains could reduce the mycelial growth of pathogen, but this ability is varied in different Bacillus strains. Growth inhibition percent of pathogen in dual-culture, volatile and extracellular compounds tests were ranged 30.5-67.1, 27.5-86.2 and 41-82, respectively. In addition, inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of B. cinerea by Bacillus strains were observed on strawberry fruits. Disease severity of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) by Bacillus strains as compared with untreated control. Our results shows that Bacillus strains have a good potential to control Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry. This research suggests that volatile and extracellular compounds of Bacillus spp. are promising biofumigants for controlling of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry. Therefore, it is needed to evaluate their efficiency under field conditions. In this research, the ability of Bacillus strains in suppression of mycelial growth and conidial germination of B. cinerea against Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry were evaluated in three cultivars of strawberry including Quineliza, Paros and Kurdistan. Results indicated that among 32 strains of Bacillus, ten strains showed strong inhibitory effects against B. cinerea using the plate assay and they are selected for further studies. Antagonistic effects of Bacillus stains against the disease were evaluated through dual-culture, volatile and extracellular compounds using plate assays. Results indicated that all Bacillus strains could reduce the mycelial growth of pathogen, but this ability is varied in different Bacillus strains. Growth inhibition percent of pathogen in dual-culture, volatile and extracellular compounds tests were ranged 30.5-67.1, 27.5-86.2 and 41-82, respectively. In addition, inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of B. cinerea by Bacillus strains were observed on strawberry fruits. Disease severity of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) by Bacillus strains as compared with untreated control. Our results shows that Bacillus strains have a good potential to control Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry. This research suggests that volatile and extracellular compounds of Bacillus spp. are promising biofumigants for controlling of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry. Therefore, it is needed to evaluate their efficiency under field conditions.

https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_58549_688f4c522d259d40d859d93fea13d309.pdf

پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران موسسه تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES 2322-2883 5 1 2016 05 21 Investigation of Strawberry cultivars resistance against Botrytis cinerea and control effect of Anise essence and Iprodione-Carbendazim on it Investigation of Strawberry cultivars resistance against Botrytis cinerea and control effect of Anise essence and Iprodione-Carbendazim on it 25 37 58550 10.22059/jbioc.2016.58550 FA Seyed Jafar Nasiri Taleshi University of Agricultural and Natural Resources SARI Safarali Mahdian Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Mohammadali Tajickghanbari Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University Seyedamin Alian Director of central plant protection clinic- Babolsar Journal Article 2015 11 16 The Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important agents of Strawberry fruit rot. In order to identify the pathogenicity potential of the isolates on fruits and the antifungal effect of Anise essence on this fungus, forty one isolates of B. cinerea was collected from different areas of Mazandaran province on strawberry showing symptoms of gray rot on fruits. Following the purification of the fungus, pathogenicity test was done on Comarosa, Parus and Gilasi varieties of strawberries. Morphological identification of isolates was done in regard to their vegetative characteristics. Molecular identification carried out using specific primer C729 and common primers ITS4 and ITS5. Inhibition rate of fungal growth was recorded by Anise oil and Iprodione- Carbendazim fungicide. The results based on morphological characteristics showed that all isolates belonge to Botrytis cinerea. Identification of isolates using specific primer C729 showed that all of them had band of 700 bp. Based on disease severity on three strawberry cultivars; isolates were graded into seven groups. The ITS region of ribosomal DNA of each group was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers. After sequencing and alignment, the obtained sequences were compared with the existing sequences in Gene Bank. The results showed there is high genetic diversity among the isolates, so that and they classified into five groups with 80% similarity. The result of in vitro evaluation of fungicide and Anise essence effect, showed that with increasing of Anise oil concentration, antifungal activity is also increasing against B. cinerea. Iprodione- Carnbendazim fungicide could inhibit the growth of isolates on a culture medium. The Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important agents of Strawberry fruit rot. In order to identify the pathogenicity potential of the isolates on fruits and the antifungal effect of Anise essence on this fungus, forty one isolates of B. cinerea was collected from different areas of Mazandaran province on strawberry showing symptoms of gray rot on fruits. Following the purification of the fungus, pathogenicity test was done on Comarosa, Parus and Gilasi varieties of strawberries. Morphological identification of isolates was done in regard to their vegetative characteristics. Molecular identification carried out using specific primer C729 and common primers ITS4 and ITS5. Inhibition rate of fungal growth was recorded by Anise oil and Iprodione- Carbendazim fungicide. The results based on morphological characteristics showed that all isolates belonge to Botrytis cinerea. Identification of isolates using specific primer C729 showed that all of them had band of 700 bp. Based on disease severity on three strawberry cultivars; isolates were graded into seven groups. The ITS region of ribosomal DNA of each group was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers. After sequencing and alignment, the obtained sequences were compared with the existing sequences in Gene Bank. The results showed there is high genetic diversity among the isolates, so that and they classified into five groups with 80% similarity. The result of in vitro evaluation of fungicide and Anise essence effect, showed that with increasing of Anise oil concentration, antifungal activity is also increasing against B. cinerea. Iprodione- Carnbendazim fungicide could inhibit the growth of isolates on a culture medium.

https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_58550_d5e3e351b99bc83a90d2241b83ee32fb.pdf

پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران موسسه تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES 2322-2883 5 1 2016 05 21 Fluctuations of haemocytes and phenol oxidase enzyme in the greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella injected with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae Fluctuations of haemocytes and phenol oxidase enzyme in the greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella injected with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae 39 47 58600 10.22059/jbioc.2016.58600 FA Zahra Rahatkhah Javad Karimi Biocontrol and Insect Pathology Laboratory Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultura, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad Ghadamyari Gholamhossein Morravej Journal Article 2015 02 04 Insect immunity comprises behavioral, physical and innate immunity. In this study, innate immune response of the greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella against two species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae, as important biocontrol agents were studied. Total haemocyte count in larvae injected with H. bacteriophora increased immediately. In this case, plasmatocytes and granulocytes were the prevalent haemocyte types. The response of injected larvae with S. feltiae was different. There was no significant increase in haemocyte population by 15 min until 4 h after injection. Haemocyte populations in hemolymph of G. mellonella larvae after injection by both nematode species was decreased 8 and 12 h after post injection. In humoral response, H. bacteriophora caused a significant increase in phenoloxydase activity by 15 min until 8 h after injection to hemoceol. In contrast, phenoloxydase activity against S. feltiae showed lower fluctuation rather than those in treated larvae by H. bacteriophora. The result of cellular and humoral immune response of the larvae suggested that H. bacteriophora induced stronger reaction of the insect as compared with S. feltiae. The latter species not only evades of host immune response but also can suppress the immune responses, successfully. These, eventually suggests a weak interaction between the pathogen with host immune system. Insect immunity comprises behavioral, physical and innate immunity. In this study, innate immune response of the greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella against two species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae, as important biocontrol agents were studied. Total haemocyte count in larvae injected with H. bacteriophora increased immediately. In this case, plasmatocytes and granulocytes were the prevalent haemocyte types. The response of injected larvae with S. feltiae was different. There was no significant increase in haemocyte population by 15 min until 4 h after injection. Haemocyte populations in hemolymph of G. mellonella larvae after injection by both nematode species was decreased 8 and 12 h after post injection. In humoral response, H. bacteriophora caused a significant increase in phenoloxydase activity by 15 min until 8 h after injection to hemoceol. In contrast, phenoloxydase activity against S. feltiae showed lower fluctuation rather than those in treated larvae by H. bacteriophora. The result of cellular and humoral immune response of the larvae suggested that H. bacteriophora induced stronger reaction of the insect as compared with S. feltiae. The latter species not only evades of host immune response but also can suppress the immune responses, successfully. These, eventually suggests a weak interaction between the pathogen with host immune system.

https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_58600_2af9456a65121dde97084826eab2c37a.pdf

پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران موسسه تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES 2322-2883 5 1 2016 05 21 Optimization of BG11 culture medium for increasing antifungal activity of Cyanobacterium sp. PGU1 against some plant pathogenic fungi Optimization of BG11 culture medium for increasing antifungal activity of Cyanobacterium sp. PGU1 against some plant pathogenic fungi 49 58 58604 10.22059/jbioc.2016.58604 FA Maryam Najafian Mohammad Modaresi Mehran Kasami Fatemeh Jamali Journal Article 2015 02 22 Cyanobacteria have been considered due to producuction of types of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial compounds. This research designated for optimization of BG11 culture medium to increase the antifungal activity of Cyanobacterium sp. PGU1 against the plant pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici and Rhizoctonia solaniAG2-2-IIIB. Cyanobacterium was isolated from the Persian Gulf and identified as Cyanobacterium sp. using morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA sequencing. Optimization was done by changing the amount of nitrogen (NaNO3) (0.75, 1.5 and 3 g/l) and phosphate (K2HPO4) (0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 g/l) and then the antifungal activity of cyanobacterium was investigated. Antifungal effects of pure culture methanol extract of cyanobacterium were investigated under in vitro conditions by mixing the extract derived from pure culture before and after optimization to the pathogen culture medium. Growth inhibition percentage for F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and R. solani AG2-2-IIIB increased from 79.33 to 87.43, and from 82.47 to 90.62 percent, respectively. Cyanobacteria have been considered due to producuction of types of secondary metabolites and antimicrobial compounds. This research designated for optimization of BG11 culture medium to increase the antifungal activity of Cyanobacterium sp. PGU1 against the plant pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici and Rhizoctonia solaniAG2-2-IIIB. Cyanobacterium was isolated from the Persian Gulf and identified as Cyanobacterium sp. using morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA sequencing. Optimization was done by changing the amount of nitrogen (NaNO3) (0.75, 1.5 and 3 g/l) and phosphate (K2HPO4) (0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 g/l) and then the antifungal activity of cyanobacterium was investigated. Antifungal effects of pure culture methanol extract of cyanobacterium were investigated under in vitro conditions by mixing the extract derived from pure culture before and after optimization to the pathogen culture medium. Growth inhibition percentage for F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and R. solani AG2-2-IIIB increased from 79.33 to 87.43, and from 82.47 to 90.62 percent, respectively.

https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_58604_07f19bff826c6adb596a53f98ecdb357.pdf

پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران موسسه تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES 2322-2883 5 1 2016 05 21 Temperature-dependent mutual interference of adult mealybug destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, feeding on citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Temperature-dependent mutual interference of adult mealybug destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, feeding on citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri 59 66 58612 10.22059/jbioc.2016.58612 FA Elham Mohasesian Hossein Ranjbar Aghdam Ladan Sedighi Journal Article 2015 07 03 Cryptoleamus montrouzieri is the most important natural enemy of Pseudococcus citri. The effects of different temperatures and different densities of C. montrouzieri on predation rate, searching efficacy and mutual interference of the mentioned coccinellid feeding on the nymphs of P. citri was studied. Hassel and Varley model was applied for estimation of interference constant. According to the ANOVA, per capita predation of the male and female coccinellids was not affected significantly by interaction of temperature and predator density, at 99% confidence level. Both, temperature and predator density had a significant effect on per capita predation rate of the coccinellids. The maximum and minimum predation rates of the males were 16.83 and 7.96 nymphs at 1 and 8 densities, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum and minimum per capita predation rates of the females were 24.17, and 9.59 nymphs at 1 and 8 densities, respectively. Results showed increasing densities of the coccinellids decreased per capita predation rate and decreased per capita searching efficacy. However, increasing temperature resulted in increase of per capita predation rate and per capita searching efficacy of the coccinellids. Finally, it is concluded that different temperatures and prey-predator ratios affect mutual interference of C. montrouzieri. Cryptoleamus montrouzieri is the most important natural enemy of Pseudococcus citri. The effects of different temperatures and different densities of C. montrouzieri on predation rate, searching efficacy and mutual interference of the mentioned coccinellid feeding on the nymphs of P. citri was studied. Hassel and Varley model was applied for estimation of interference constant. According to the ANOVA, per capita predation of the male and female coccinellids was not affected significantly by interaction of temperature and predator density, at 99% confidence level. Both, temperature and predator density had a significant effect on per capita predation rate of the coccinellids. The maximum and minimum predation rates of the males were 16.83 and 7.96 nymphs at 1 and 8 densities, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum and minimum per capita predation rates of the females were 24.17, and 9.59 nymphs at 1 and 8 densities, respectively. Results showed increasing densities of the coccinellids decreased per capita predation rate and decreased per capita searching efficacy. However, increasing temperature resulted in increase of per capita predation rate and per capita searching efficacy of the coccinellids. Finally, it is concluded that different temperatures and prey-predator ratios affect mutual interference of C. montrouzieri.

https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_58612_a1518b1b0c6def200eeee688d6df4b6d.pdf

پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران موسسه تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES 2322-2883 5 1 2016 05 21 The effect of some bio-ecological parameters on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis with potato in West Azarbaijan Province The effect of some bio-ecological parameters on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis with potato in West Azarbaijan Province 67 78 58618 10.22059/jbioc.2016.58618 FA Mina Kolahnamadi Ebrahim Sedaghati Mohammad Moradi Hossein Alaei Journal Article 2015 11 28 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in promotion of plant growth as well as increasing plant tolerant to abiotic and biotic stresses. Because of this, special attention was paid to AMF in sustainable agriculture. Biotic and abiotic factors can affect the development of the mycorrhizal relationship. To evaluate the effect of some bio-ecological parameters, on activity of AMF in potato fields, 31 samples of either bulk or rhizosphere soil were collected from potato field of West Azerbaijan province in August 2013. In each farm, some detail information about the potato varieties, crop yield, crop rotation program and applied fertilizers were provided. The population of AMF spores in soil and root colonization (%), EC, PH, soil texture in each sampled farm were determined. Overall, a positive relation was observed between the root colonization percentage and density of AMF spore in soil with crop yield. In both monoculture and potato-legume rotations AMF colonization was improved. The AMF colonization was also affected by different types of used fertilizers, crop rotation and soil microorganisms. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in promotion of plant growth as well as increasing plant tolerant to abiotic and biotic stresses. Because of this, special attention was paid to AMF in sustainable agriculture. Biotic and abiotic factors can affect the development of the mycorrhizal relationship. To evaluate the effect of some bio-ecological parameters, on activity of AMF in potato fields, 31 samples of either bulk or rhizosphere soil were collected from potato field of West Azerbaijan province in August 2013. In each farm, some detail information about the potato varieties, crop yield, crop rotation program and applied fertilizers were provided. The population of AMF spores in soil and root colonization (%), EC, PH, soil texture in each sampled farm were determined. Overall, a positive relation was observed between the root colonization percentage and density of AMF spore in soil with crop yield. In both monoculture and potato-legume rotations AMF colonization was improved. The AMF colonization was also affected by different types of used fertilizers, crop rotation and soil microorganisms.

https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_58618_dbb214b534ca3c40a4ccb356fd468901.pdf

پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران موسسه تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES 2322-2883 5 1 2016 05 21 The Iturin Lipopeptides as Key Compounds in Antagonism of Bacillus subtilis UTB96 toward Aspergillus flavus The Iturin Lipopeptides as Key Compounds in Antagonism of Bacillus subtilis UTB96 toward Aspergillus flavus 79 95 58619 10.22059/jbioc.2016.58619 FA Hamideh Afsharmanesh Masoud Ahmadzadeh 0000-0003-2009-4131 Journal Article 2016 01 27 Members of the genus Bacillus are among the most promising candidates for biological control of plant pathogenic bacteria. In this study, cell free supernatants of three strains B. subtilis UTB96, B. subtilis UTB1 and B. subtilis UTB70 against Aspergillus flavus R5 were investigated using dual culture assay. Strain B. subtilis UTB96 showed the highest inhibition effect. Thin lyer chromatography in extracted lipopeptides of the bacterial cell free supernatants proved the presence of the three families of lipopeptides iturin, fengycin and surfactin. Bioautography analysis of the chromatogarams against A. flavus R5 revealed the antifungal potential of iturins in strain B. subtilis UTB96. Gene bymB (the third gene in iturin biosynthesis) was disrupted usisng targeted mutagenesis to confirm role of iturins in antifungal activity. Molecular study (PCR analysis and sequencing the amplified fragment) of the mutants revealed that the targeted gene (bmyB) was replaced by spectinomycin resistance gene, hence the gene was disrupted. The phenotypical comparison of the bmyB mutants with the parental strain demonstrated that the antifungal activity of cell free supernatants and extracted lipopeptides was decreased interestingly in a dual culture assay with A. flavus, bioautography analysis and also on pistachio nuts. To sum up, these findings allowed us to conclude that iturin-like lipopeptides are indispensable for the biocontrol ability of the strain UTB96 against A. flavus R5. Members of the genus Bacillus are among the most promising candidates for biological control of plant pathogenic bacteria. In this study, cell free supernatants of three strains B. subtilis UTB96, B. subtilis UTB1 and B. subtilis UTB70 against Aspergillus flavus R5 were investigated using dual culture assay. Strain B. subtilis UTB96 showed the highest inhibition effect. Thin lyer chromatography in extracted lipopeptides of the bacterial cell free supernatants proved the presence of the three families of lipopeptides iturin, fengycin and surfactin. Bioautography analysis of the chromatogarams against A. flavus R5 revealed the antifungal potential of iturins in strain B. subtilis UTB96. Gene bymB (the third gene in iturin biosynthesis) was disrupted usisng targeted mutagenesis to confirm role of iturins in antifungal activity. Molecular study (PCR analysis and sequencing the amplified fragment) of the mutants revealed that the targeted gene (bmyB) was replaced by spectinomycin resistance gene, hence the gene was disrupted. The phenotypical comparison of the bmyB mutants with the parental strain demonstrated that the antifungal activity of cell free supernatants and extracted lipopeptides was decreased interestingly in a dual culture assay with A. flavus, bioautography analysis and also on pistachio nuts. To sum up, these findings allowed us to conclude that iturin-like lipopeptides are indispensable for the biocontrol ability of the strain UTB96 against A. flavus R5.

https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_58619_d2055540c87cd336548b6acc782a1d08.pdf

پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران موسسه تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES 2322-2883 5 1 2016 05 21 Evaluation of the biocontrol ability of Pichia membranaefaciens yeast against Aspergillus tubingensis and Penicillium crustosum causing bunch rot disease in grapes Evaluation of the biocontrol ability of Pichia membranaefaciens yeast against Aspergillus tubingensis and Penicillium crustosum causing bunch rot disease in grapes 97 110 58932 10.22059/jbioc.2016.58932 FA Saiedeh SaRanjbar-Chaharborj M.Sc. Student of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran Akbar Shirzad Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran Mehdi Arzanlou Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2016 02 16 Bunch rot disease is one of the most important diseases of grapes caused by the storage rot fungi such as Aspergillus tubingensis and Penicillium crustosum. In this study, some biocontrol mechanisms of two Pichia membranaefaciens strains such as competitive potential, the siderophore and toxin production capacity, the interactions between yeast cells and fungal hyphae and also the ability of lytic enzymes production against fungal pathogens were investigated. The yeast strains showed higher competitive ability against the pathogens on PDA medium supplied with 4 g of dextrose. The yeast strains could inhibit the growth of the pathogens in dual culture test and also, had the siderophore and toxin production capacity. The results of the assay on the interactions between yeast cells and fungal hyphae demonstrated that yeast cells had a high capability of attaching to the pathogens hyphae. The ability of production of lytic enzymes was observed in yeast strains as well. In storage condition, P4 strain decreased the infection level A. tubingensis and P. crustosum in grapes by 49.16% and 62.64%respectively. This strain could also reduce the infection percentage by 44.88% and 50.3% respectively. The results of this study suggest the biocontrol ability of yeast strains against pathogens growth under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. Bunch rot disease is one of the most important diseases of grapes caused by the storage rot fungi such as Aspergillus tubingensis and Penicillium crustosum. In this study, some biocontrol mechanisms of two Pichia membranaefaciens strains such as competitive potential, the siderophore and toxin production capacity, the interactions between yeast cells and fungal hyphae and also the ability of lytic enzymes production against fungal pathogens were investigated. The yeast strains showed higher competitive ability against the pathogens on PDA medium supplied with 4 g of dextrose. The yeast strains could inhibit the growth of the pathogens in dual culture test and also, had the siderophore and toxin production capacity. The results of the assay on the interactions between yeast cells and fungal hyphae demonstrated that yeast cells had a high capability of attaching to the pathogens hyphae. The ability of production of lytic enzymes was observed in yeast strains as well. In storage condition, P4 strain decreased the infection level A. tubingensis and P. crustosum in grapes by 49.16% and 62.64%respectively. This strain could also reduce the infection percentage by 44.88% and 50.3% respectively. The results of this study suggest the biocontrol ability of yeast strains against pathogens growth under both in vivo and in vitro conditions.

https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_58932_3171f50764a9b796f08f8d80a7ef86e5.pdf

پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران موسسه تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES 2322-2883 5 1 2016 05 21 Effect of bio-fertilizers on greenhouse cucumber resistant to damping-off disease caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and increase of yield component Effect of bio-fertilizers on greenhouse cucumber resistant to damping-off disease caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and increase of yield component 111 122 58933 10.22059/jbioc.2016.58933 FA Seyed Kazem Sabbagh Associate Professor, Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Iran Shahoo Valizadeh Former M.Sc. Student, Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Iran Journal Article 2016 02 09 Damping-off disease of cucumber caused by soil-born fungi Pythium aphanidermatum is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber. In this research, the effect of three bio-fertilizers including; nitroxin, mycorrhiza and vermicompost in single and combined form on induced resistance and yield components in greenhouse cucumber (ES-2862) infected with damping-off disease was investigated. These experiments were performed in a completely randomized design with four repetitions in greenhouse condition. The measurment of disease severity showed that V+N+M (37%) and vermicompost + nitroxin (73%) treatment have the highest and the lowest effects on disease severity reduction, respectively. The mixed treatment of three bio-fertilizers has the best effect on increase of yield components when compared to control. The application of mycorriza alone showed the lowest effect on majority of traits. Gene expression analysis of Cupi4 and Chitinase genes by qRT-PCR showed that expression level of two genes has been affected by bio-fertilizers treatment. For Cupi4 gene (23.65), combination of three bio-fertilizers and for chitinase gene (2.45), mycorrhizal treatment showed the highest effect of expression pattern. Regarding the results, it can be concluded that these bio-fertilizers could be use as bio-control agents to plant improving against pathogenic fungal agents. Damping-off disease of cucumber caused by soil-born fungi Pythium aphanidermatum is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber. In this research, the effect of three bio-fertilizers including; nitroxin, mycorrhiza and vermicompost in single and combined form on induced resistance and yield components in greenhouse cucumber (ES-2862) infected with damping-off disease was investigated. These experiments were performed in a completely randomized design with four repetitions in greenhouse condition. The measurment of disease severity showed that V+N+M (37%) and vermicompost + nitroxin (73%) treatment have the highest and the lowest effects on disease severity reduction, respectively. The mixed treatment of three bio-fertilizers has the best effect on increase of yield components when compared to control. The application of mycorriza alone showed the lowest effect on majority of traits. Gene expression analysis of Cupi4 and Chitinase genes by qRT-PCR showed that expression level of two genes has been affected by bio-fertilizers treatment. For Cupi4 gene (23.65), combination of three bio-fertilizers and for chitinase gene (2.45), mycorrhizal treatment showed the highest effect of expression pattern. Regarding the results, it can be concluded that these bio-fertilizers could be use as bio-control agents to plant improving against pathogenic fungal agents.

https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_58933_05ab25c89d1eed09c1b4461f1b87f3e7.pdf

پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران موسسه تحقیقات کنترل بیولوژیک آفات و بیماریهای گیاهی BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES 2322-2883 5 1 2016 05 21 Biological control of chickpea blight with some isolates of three species of Trichoderma Biological control of chickpea blight with some isolates of three species of Trichoderma 123 127 58934 10.22059/jbioc.2016.58934 FA Hanieh Naghed M. Sc. Student, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Mehdi Sadravi Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran Shoaleh Kazemi Expert of Plant Pathology, Fars Plant Protection Organization, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2015 09 20 Blight, caused by Mycosphaerella rabiei is the most important disease of chickpea in Iran. In order to find a method for the biological control of the disease, the inhibitory effect of 36 isolates of three species, Trichoderma harzianum, T. virens and T. atroviride, on a most virulent isolate of the pathogen, in hyperparasitism, dual culture, and production of volatile antibiotic compounds were investigated in vitro. Then the impact of the nine selected isolates of Trichoderma on the disease severity and growth of chickpea were tested in greenhouse. The results showed that the inhibitory ability of mycelium growth of the pathogen by isolates of T. harzianum, up to 52.42%, were greater than the others in plate assay. Also they had greater ability in reducing of disease severity in greenhouse condition. Some isolates of T. harzianum and T. atroviride had ability to promote the growth of chickpea in the presence of the pathogen with no significant difference as compared with the healthy control. It is the first report of the ability of these Trichoderma species in the biological control of this disease on chickpea. Blight, caused by Mycosphaerella rabiei is the most important disease of chickpea in Iran. In order to find a method for the biological control of the disease, the inhibitory effect of 36 isolates of three species, Trichoderma harzianum, T. virens and T. atroviride, on a most virulent isolate of the pathogen, in hyperparasitism, dual culture, and production of volatile antibiotic compounds were investigated in vitro. Then the impact of the nine selected isolates of Trichoderma on the disease severity and growth of chickpea were tested in greenhouse. The results showed that the inhibitory ability of mycelium growth of the pathogen by isolates of T. harzianum, up to 52.42%, were greater than the others in plate assay. Also they had greater ability in reducing of disease severity in greenhouse condition. Some isolates of T. harzianum and T. atroviride had ability to promote the growth of chickpea in the presence of the pathogen with no significant difference as compared with the healthy control. It is the first report of the ability of these Trichoderma species in the biological control of this disease on chickpea.

https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_58934_1586b9001124d6f92fbcff0bdded211b.pdf