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0 اثر ورمی‌کمپوست و Glomus versiform بر کنترل قارچ Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici در گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی Effect of Vermicompost and Glomus versiform on control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici on tomato plant https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_63362.html 10.22059/jbioc.2017.219430.176 0 این مطالعه به‌منظور بررسی اثر ورمی‌کمپوست و قارچ میکوریز Glomus versiform جهت کنترل Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici در گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی انجام شد. بذور گوجه‌فرنگی در بسترهای حاوی: خاک استریل (شاهد)، قارچ G. Versiform(G)، ورمی‌کمپوست ‌(V)، ترکیب Glomus + ورمی‌کمپوست (V+G) در جعبه نشا کشت شدند. پنج هفته بعد ریشه‌های گیاه در سوسپانسیون اسپور قارچ F. oxysporum و آب، تیمار و به گلدان منتقل شدند. در پایان آزمایش، نشانه‌های بیماری‌زایی، شاخص‌های رشدی، بهبود جذب عناصر ماکرو، میزان کلروفیل برگ‌ها و درصد کلنیزه شدن ریشه‌ها ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد استفاده از ترکیب (V+G) مؤثرتر از کاربرد هرکدام به‌تنهایی بود. تیمار گیاهان آلوده به پاتوژن با ترکیب مذکور وقوع زردی برگ‌ها را به‌طور معنی‌داری تا ۳/۱۷ درصد کاهش داد و در مقابل تیمار شاهد آلوده ۶/۶۸ درصد ارزیابی شد. همچنین با توجه به نتایج کلنیزه شدن ریشه‌ها توسط قارچ G. versiform، تیمار V+G+F- با افزایش ۲۳ درصدی بهبود یافت. در حالت آلودگی با قارچ F. oxysporum کمترین مقدار کلروفیل در تیمار شاهد ۱۲ (عدد  SPAD) تخمین زده شد درحالی‌که در تیمار V+G به مقدار ۳۰ افزایش یافت. همچنین بیشترین میزان جذب عناصر N، P، K در تیمار گیاه با V+G حاصل شد. بر اساس یافته‌های این مطالعه، کاربرد (V+G) در کنترل بیماری فوزاریومی گوجه‌فرنگی علاوه بر بهبود رشد و سلامت گیاه، در کنترل بیمارگر مذکور قابل توصیه می‌باشد. 1 An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Vermicompost and Glomus versiform, on tomato plant infected by of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Tomato seeds were sown in growth bed including: sterile soil (control), G. versiform (G), Vermicompost (V), Vermicompost + Glomus (V+G). Five weeks later, the plant roots were dipped to F. oxysporum spore suspension as well as water and then transplanted. At the end of experiment, symptoms of disease (yellowing), morphological parameters, improvement of elements uptake, leaf chlorophyll and percentage of root colonization were assessed. Results showed that treatments with combination of Gand V were more effective on the above criteria than treating plants with single inoculations. Infected Plants by pathogenare treated with G+V significantly reduced yellowing incidence of leaves by17.30% and infected control treatment, 68.6% was estimated. Also regarding to the percentage of root colonization result, the effectiveness of dual application (V+G+F-) was proved by 23% increase. In the case of contamination by F. oxysporum fungi, the lowest amounts of chlorophyll were estimated in the control treatments with 12 (SPAD value), while it was increased in the (V+G) treatment (30). The highest uptake of N, P, K was recorded in V+G treatment. 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0 الگوی بیان آنزیم‌های مؤثر در کنترل زیستی به‌وسیله برخی جدایه‌های وحشی و جهش‌یافته قارچ Trichoderma viride A study of enzymes expression pattern involved in biologic control by some wild and mutant strains of Trichoderma viride https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_64181.html 10.22059/jbioc.2017.214608.162 0 این پژوهش با هدف ایجاد جهش در قارچ Trichoderma virideبه وسیله پرتو گاما و سپس بررسی افزایش یا کاهش بیان آنزیم‌های سلولاز و کیتیناز در جدایه­ های جهش­ یافته نسبت به جدایه وحشی صورت گرفت. القای جهش با دز بهینه 250 گری و با استفاده از پرتوگاما انجام شد. پروفایل پروتئینی آنزیم­های تولید شده کلیه جدایه­ها با آزمون الکتروفورز SDS-PAGE مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در نهایت الگوی پروتئوم گونه T. virideبه همراه جدایه جهش­یافته Tv M21 با سوبسترای کیتین کلوئیدی با تکنیک الکتروفورز دوبعدی و نرم­افزار ImageMaster 2D Platinum ارزیابی شد. بیشترین تنوع در تولید آنزیم­های سلولازی در جدایه­های جهش­یافته نسبت به جدایه وحشی در Tv M21، Tv M10، Tv M16 و Tv M14 و بیشترین تنوع در تولید آنزیم­های کیتینازی در جدایه­های جهش­یافته نسبت به جدایه وحشی در Tv M21، Tv M1 و Tv M4 مشاهده شد. الگوی پروتئوم نشان داد، لکه­های پروتئینی جدایه­های جهش­یافته در مقایسه با جدایه­های وحشی به‌صورت کمی و کیفی متفاوت هستند. نتایج نشان داد، اشعه گاما می‌تواند تغییر در میزان تولید آنزیم­های خارج سلولی و فعالیت آن­ها را سبب شود. این موضوع می­تواند در مدیریت بیماری­های گیاهی و بهره­وری صنعتی از آنزیم­های مورد مطالعه مد نظر قرار گیرد. 1 This study was carried out to create mutations in the fungus Trichoderma viride by gamma radiation (the optimal dose of 250 Gy) and then to check the increase or decrease in expression of the cellulase and chitinase enzymes in the mutant strains with respect to the wild isolates. Protein profiles were analyzed by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Finally, proteome pattern of mutant strains Tv M21 of T. viride was evaluatedby colloidal chitin substrate and two-dimensional electrophoresis techniques and software ImageMaster 2D Platinum. Highest variability of cellulase enzyme production was observed in the mutant strain wild isolates in the Tv M21, Tv M10, Tv M16 and Tv M14 and the highest diversity in the production of chitinase enzyme in the mutant strain in the wild isolates Tv M21, Tv M4 and Tv M1, respectively. Proteomic pattern revealed that the protein spots of mutant strains in comparison to wild isolates were both quantitatively and qualitatively different. This finding demonstrates that mutations can lead to changes in patterns of secreted proteins, so that may improve the control potential of plant disease. 139 153 تبسم ناصری پور Tabasom Naseripour دانشجوی سابق دکتری بیماری‌شناسی قارچ‌شناسی، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران ایران naseripour1391@gmail.com سمیرا شهبازی Samira Shahbazi استادیار گروه گیاه‌پزشکی و نگهداری مواد غذایی، پژوهشکده کشاورزی هسته‌ای، پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته‌ای، سازمان انرژی اتمی ایران ایران sshahbazi@nrcam.org سعید نصراله نژاد Kamran Rahnama دانشیار گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده تولیدگیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران ایران snasrollanejad@yahoo.com کامران رهنما Saeed Nasrollah Nejad دانشیار گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده تولیدگیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران ایران kamranrahnama1995@gmail.com 2D electrophoresis gamma radiation induction of mutation SDS-PAGE electrophoresis Trichoderma Abo-State MA, Hammad AI, Swelim M, Gannam RB (2011) Enhanced production of cellulase(S) by Aspergillus spp. isolate from agriculture wastes by solid state fermentation american-eurasian. 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0 اثر ژنوتیپ‌های مختلف گیاه کلزا بر برخی پارامتر‌‌های زیستی زنبور پارازیتویید Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconodae) Effect of different canola genotypes on some biological parameters of the parasitoid wasp Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_64182.html 10.22059/jbioc.2017.217633.171 0 شتة مومی‌ کلم Brevicoryne brassicae از آفات مهم کلزا در جهان است و پارازیتویید Diaeretiella rapae از مهم‌ترین دشمنان طبیعی آن می‌باشد. در این پژوهش، طول دوره‌های مختلف رشدی، درصد مومیایی‌های تولید‌شده، درصد افراد کامل و نسبت جنسی پارازیتویید روی سه ژنوتیپ مختلف کلزا شامل Okapi، Licord و Hyola401 بررسی‌شد (دمای 1±25 درجه سلسیوس، رطوبت نسبی 5±60 درصد و دوره نوری 16:8 ساعت (روشنایی: تاریکی)). نتایج نشان داد که طول دورة تخمریزی تا تشکیل مومیایی زنبور در Okapi (05/0±96/3) با ژنوتیپ‌های Licord (01/0±57/4) و Hyola401 (04/0±72/4) تفاوت معنی‌دار داشت. Okapi باعث کاهش طول دورة تخمریزی تا ظهور حشره کامل در هر دو جنس نر (11/0±91/7) و ماده (10/0±02/8) شد. به‌طور معنی‌دار، بیشترین درصد مومیایی تولید‌شده روی Okapi(81/6±60/89) نسبت به Licord(21/5±20/66) و Hyola401 (64/3±10/59) مشاهده شد. نسبت جنسی روی ژنوتیپ‌های مختلف تفاوت معنی‌دار نشان نداد. کوتاه‌ترین طول دورة نابالغ نیز روی ژنوتیپ Okapi اتفاق افتاد. ژنوتیپ Okapi می‌تواند کارایی زنبوررا در کنترل شته نسبت به دو ژنوتیپ دیگر ‌افزایش دهد. کاربرد روش کنترل بیولوژیک ازدیادی با استفاده از پارازیتویید D. rapaeدر مزارع زیر کشت Okapi و همچنین تولید انبوه پارازیتویید مذکور با استفاده از این ژنوتیپ در برنامه‌های مدیریت تلفیقی آفات پیشنهاد می‌شود. 1 The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, is one of the major worldwide pests of canola and the parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae, is the most important natural enemy of the aphid. In this research, duration of different life stages, percentage of adult emergence and sex ratio of the parasitoid wasp were investigated on three canola genotypes including the Okapi, Licord and Hyola401 (25±1°C, 60±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16L:8D). The experiment was conducted by using petri dishes with leaf discs on 7% water-agar. The results showed that the duration from oviposition until mummification on the Okapi (3.96±0.05) significantly differed from the Licord (4.57±0.01) and Hyola401 (4.72±0.04). The duration from oviposition up to emergence of the adult decreased on the Okapi in both male (7.91±0.11) and female (8.02±0.10). Also, the highest percentage of mummies was significantly observed on the Okapi (89.60±6.81) rather than the Licord (66.20±5.21) and Hyola401 (59.10±3.64). However, there was no significant difference in the percentage of emerged female among the genotypes. The shortest development time of the parasitoid were also occurred on the Okapi. The Okapi could increase the efficiency of the wasp for controlling the aphid rather than the two other genotypes. 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0 ارزیابی تأثیر تیمار بذر با جدایه‌های مختلف تجاری و بومی Trichoderma harzianum در کنترل پژمردگی فوزاریومی خربزه Evaluation of some commercial and native isolates of Trichoderma harzianum for controlling Melon Fusarium wilt using seed coating method https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_64183.html 10.22059/jbioc.2017.214586.161 0 در این پژوهش کارآیی سه جدایه قارچ harzianumTrichoderma به‌دست آمده از ترکیبات تجاری تریانوم‌پی، تریکومیکس­اچ-وی، تریکوفانگ‌اس و دو جدایه بومی Th1 و Th2 این قارچ از نظر کنترل بیماری پژمردگی فوزاریومی خربزه به روش تیمار بذر در آزمایشگاه و گلخانه ارزیابی شد. در آزمایشگاه بذور مایه‌زنی شده با بیمارگر و ترکیبات تجاری و دو جدایه بومی، از نظر میزان جوانه‌زنی بررسی شدند. نتایج نشان داد جدایه‌های تریانوم پی و Th1 با ایجاد به­ترتیب 95 و 5/92% جوانه‌زنی، مؤثرترین تیمارها بوده و نسبت به شاهد که 25% جوانه‌زنی داشت، اختلاف معنی‌دار نشان داد. در گلخانه، بذور با تیمارهایی شامل سه ترکیب تجاری بیولوژیک، دوجدایه تکثیرشده در سبوس با سه غلظت 5/0، 5/1 و 5/2 در هزار، دو قارچ‌کش رورال تی‌اس و تیابندازول با غلظت‌های 5/1، 2 و 5/2 در هزار ضدعفونی و در گلدان‌هایی با خاک مایه‌زنی شده به قارچ کشت شدند. شاخص‌های رشدی و شدت بیماری مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج شدت بیماری نشان داد تریانوم و تریکومیکس 5/2%، تریکوفانگ 5/1 و رورال 2% به­ترتیب با 80، 5/67، 5/67 و 5/67% بوته‌های سالم، در مقایسه با شاهد با 5/7 درصد، مؤثرترین تیمارها بود. شاخص‌های رشدی، رورال2%، تریانوم5/2 در هزار و سوسپانسیونی از جدایه‌ها با غلظت 106 اسپور در میلی‌لیتر، مایه‌زنی شد، بهترین تیمارها بودند. نتایج نشان داد جدایه‌های بومی و تجاری harzianumT.پتانسیل کنترل این بیماری را از طریق تیمار بذر داشته، این توانایی قابل مقایسه با قارچ‌کش‌ها بوده و در بین جدایه‌های قارچ آنتاگونیست، این قابلیت متفاوت می‌باشد. 1 The present paper tends to assess the inhibitory impacts of the three isolates of Trichoderma harzianum obtained from the commercial products of Trianum-P, Trichomix-HV and TricofungS and the two native isolates of T. harzianum, Th1 and Th2, applied to control melon Fusarium wilt using seed coating method under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Melon seeds were infected with pathogen and treated by T. harzianum isolates were assessed for germination in vitro. Research results showed that Trianum and Th1 were the most effective treatments for germination (with 95 and 92.5%, respectively), in comparison with the control sample 25% and they indicated significant difference. In greenhouse, disinfected seed by tested treatments were planted in pots containing soil infected by pathogen. Treatments included the three mentioned commercial products and two propagated isolates in bran at three concentrations of 0.5, 1.5 and%0 2.5 and two fungicides of Rovral TS and Thiabendazole in concentrations of 1.5,2 and %02.5. plant growth parameters and disease severity were measured. Trianum, Tricofung, Trichomix and Rovral in concentrations of 2.5, 1.5, 2.5 and %2 reduced disease severity by 80% and 67.5%, 67.5%, 67.5% respectively. In control samples, the percentage of plants with no wilt symptoms was 7.5%. For growth parameters, the plants treated by Rovral %ₒ2, Th1, Th2 and Trianum %ₒ2.5 were the most effective seed coatings. Research results indicated that commercial and native isolates of T. harzianum had the potential of controlling Fusarium wilt in melon using seed coating method as well as tested chemical fungicides. However, different isolates of T. harzianum had different biological effects. 165 172 اقدس خطیب Aghdas Khatib محقق، دانشگاه علم و فرهنگ شعبه کاشمر ایران giyahpezeshk2014@gmail.com مجتبی مرادزاده اسکندری Mojtaba moradzade Eskandari استادیار، بخش تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی تهران، ایران ایران mmeplantpathologist@gmail.com احمد درخشان Ahmad Derakhshan مربی، دانشگاه علم و فرهنگ شعبه کاشمر ایران ahmad_dr.ivel@ymail.com هادی محمودی Hadi Mahmoudi مربی، بخش تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان جنوبی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی تهران، ایران ایران hd_mahmoudi@yahoo.com Antagonist biological control fungicide germination Alberto C, Gava T, Pinto JM (2016) Biocontrol of melon wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlect f.sp. melonis using seed treatment with Trichoderma spp. and liquid compost. 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0 ارزیابی توان استرپتومیست‏های ریزوسفر گوجه‏فرنگی در کنترل قارچ بیمارگر Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici Assessment of Streptomyces isolates of tomato rhizosphere for biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_64185.html 10.22059/jbioc.2017.232296.193 0 پوسیدگی ریشه و طوقه گوجه‏فرنگی با عامل Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) یکی از بیماری‌های مهم خاکزاد گوجه‏فرنگی به‏حساب می‏آید. در این پژوهش 740 جدایه اکتینوباکتری‏‏ از مزارع گوجه‏فرنگی مناطق مختلف استان­های فارس و البرز جمع­آوری گردید. آزمون‏های آنزیمی انجام گرفته حاکی از تولید آنزیم‌ پروتئاز و توانایی تولید سیدروفور در تمامی جدایه‌ها بود. محیط کشت فیلتر شده جدایه UTS49 به‏عنوان جدایه برتر با جمعیت 108 × 3 به میزان 94 درصد از جوانه‌زنی اسپور قارچ بیمارگر جلوگیری کرد. بیشترین میزان تشکیل بیوفیلم باکتریایی مربوط به جدایه‏های UTS385، UTS10 و UTS49 بود. در بررسی‌های گلخانه‌ایجدایه UTS49 موجب کاهش علائم بیماری به میزان 75 درصد شد. بررسی جمعیت جدایه UTS49 در ریزوسفر خیار و گوجه‏فرنگی، بیانگر توان این جدایهدر کلنیزاسیون قوی و پایدار است. بر اساس آزمون‌های فوق جدایه UTS49به‏عنوان بهترین جدایه در کنترل بیماری پوسیدگی ریشه و طوقه گوجه‏فرنگی مشخص شد. با توجه به آزمون‏های بیوشیمیایی و توالی rDNA 16s، این جدایه Streptomyces carpaticusشناسایی و معرفی گردید. 1 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) is a causal agent of tomato crown and root rot, a soil-borne disease of worldwide importance in commercial tomatoes. Actinobacteria, in general, and Streptomyces, in particular, are recognized as plant disease controllers and plant growth promoters due to their wide production of the secondary metabolite. In this study, 740 Actinobacteria isolates were gathered from different tomato farms throughout Fars and Alborz provinces. Enzymes production test, such as protein activity, production of siderophore, demonstrated a positive result for all isolates. The results also showed that the UTS49 cell-free culture in 3 × 10 8 concentration was able to prevent the fungal spore germination with the rate 94%. The results indicated that best biofilm was mostly formed by UTS385, UTS10 and UTS49 isolates. In greenhouse conditions, the results showed that UTS49 caused the reduction of the disease up to 25%, which was the most reduction rate of disease symptoms among the studied isolates. S. carpaticus UTS49 demonstrated a strong and stable impact on colonization of cucumber and tomato rhizosphere. 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0 تأثیر برخی مواد معدنی بر کارامدی بیوکنترلی Bacillus pumilus INR7 علیه Rhizoctonia solani عامل مرگ گیاهچۀ لوبیا Effect of some mineral elements on biocontrol efficiency of Bacillus pumilus INR7 against bean damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_64187.html 10.22059/jbioc.2017.230657.190 0 یکی از راهبردهایی که در امر تجاری سازی عوامل بیوکنترل در نظر گرفته می‌شود، بحث طراحی محیط کشت برای تولید انبوه این باکتری‌هاست. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر برخی عناصر معدنی روی تولید زیست‌توده و فعالیت بیوکنترلی باکتریBacillus pumilus INR7 علیه Rhizoctonia solaniعامل مرگ گیاهچۀ لوبیا به اجرا درآمد. عناصر معدنی مورد استفاده در این پژوهش شامل آهن، روی، مس، بُر، کبالت، مولیبدن و منگنز بود که هر کدام در سه غلظت مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. در این میان، غلظت متوسط و بیشینۀ آهن (36 و 72 میکرومول) و مس (7 و 14 میکرومول) و غلظت کمینۀ منگنز (5/12 میکرومول) به صورت معنی‌داری باعث افزایش جمعیت باکتری شدند. غلظت کمینه و متوسط روی (35 و 70 میکرومول) و بیشینۀ کبالت (14 میکرومول) باعث کاهش معنی‌دار جمعیت باکتری در مقایسه با محیط پایه M1 شدند. در آزمون گلخانه‌ای، عناصر آهن در غلظت متوسط (36) و مس در غلظت بیشینه (14 میکرومول) بیشترین اثر را در افزایش کارایی باکتری در کنترل بیماری مرگ گیاهچۀ لوبیا نشان دادند. در مقابل، غلظت‌های بیشینۀ آهن (72 میکرومول)، کمینۀ روی (35 میکرومول)، بیشینۀ منگنز (50 میکرومول) و متوسط مولیبدن (1/8 میکرومول) باعث کاهش معنی‌دار کارایی بیوکنترلی باکتری در مقایسه با محیط پایه M1 شدند. در مجموع، غلظت بهینه برای عناصر مورد استفاده مشابه نبود و حتی در مورد یک عنصر خاص بین غلظت بهینه برای تولید زیست‌توده و کارایی باکتری در بیوکنترل بیماری اختلاف وجود داشت. 1 Culture design for mass production of biocontrol agents is one of the main approaches in commercialization of biocontrol agents. In this work, effects of some micro-nutrients have been investigated on biomass production and efficacy of B. pumilus against R. solani, the causal agent of bean damping-off. Seven elements, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo, Mn, Co and B have been used in three concentrations. Bacterial biomass increased significantly in medium ammended with maximum concentrations of Fe (36 and 72 µM) and Cu (7 and 14 µM) and minimum concentration of Mn (12.5 µM). Bacterial population decreased significantly in minimum and medium concentrations of Zn (35 and 70 µM) and maximum concentration of Cobalt (14 µM) compared to M1 basal medium. In greenhouse experiment, highest disease suppression achieved in medium concentration of Fe (36 µM) and maximum concentration of Cu (14 µM). In other hand, maximum concentration of Fe (72 µM), minimum concentration of Zn (35 µM), maximum concentration of Mn (50 µM) and medium concentration of Mo (8.1 µM) decreased efficiency of bacteria in suppression of bean damping-off, significantly. In conclusion, the optimum concentration was not the same for tested elements. Even in the case of individual element, there was difference between optimum concentration for biomass production and efficacy of bacteria in biological control of the plant disease. 187 195 ارغوان اردلان Arghavan Ardalan دانشجوی سابق کارشناسی ارشد، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه ایران ardalan.arghawan@yahoo.com سعید عباسی Saeed Abbasi دانشیار، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه ایران abbasikhs@yahoo.com روح اله شریفی Rouhallah Sharifi استادیار، گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه ایران sharifi.rohallah@gmail.com Bacillus Bean biological control Inorganic elements Ardalan A, Abbasi S, Sharifi R (2015) Comparison of some commercial Bacillus strains on biological control of Bean damping- off caused by Rhizoctonia solani, Proceedings of the 8th Congress in Advances in Agricultural Research, University of Kurdestan, Sanandaj. 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0 اثر دماهای مختلف القاکننده دیاپوز بر توانمندی زیستی زنبور پارازیتویید Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hym: Trichogrammatidae) Effect of diapause induction temperatures on the fitness of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hym: Trichogrammatidae) https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_65400.html 10.22059/jbioc.2017.217910.173 0 زنبورهای پارازیتویید جنس تریکوگراما به دلیل کاربرد گسترده در برنامه‌های کنترل زیستی، از دهه‌های گذشته موضوع مورد مطالعه بسیاری از محققان است. یکی از نکاتی که همواره مورد توجه پژوهشگران، تولیدکنندگان و مصرف‌کنندگان این زنبورها بوده است، افزایش توانمندی زیستی گونه‌های این جنس در فرایند تولید و ذخیره‌سازی بشکل دیاپوز آن می‌باشد. عوامل محیطی و در رأس آن‌ها دما همواره بر توانمندی زیستی حشرات در تمام مراحل زندگی تأثیرگذار است. در این تحقیق اثر سه دمای 10، 14 و 20 درجه سلسیوس بر نرخ خروج، نسبت جنسی، زادآوری و میزان تلفات مراحل مختلف رشدی Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hym: Trichogrammatidae) به منظور مطالعه نحوه پاسخ حشره در مقابله با سرما مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، مرحله لاروی حساس‌ترین و مرحله پیش‌شفیرگی مقاوم‌ترین مراحل زندگی T. brassicae به دمای پایین است. بین نرخ خروج و میزان زادآوری زنبورهای پارازیتویید بالغ و دما رابطه مستقیم مشاهده شد. نسبت افراد ماده خارج شده تحت تأثیر قرارگیری در دماهای پایین قرار نگرفت. بنابراین زنبور T. brassicae را می‌توان با بهره‌گیری از سرمادهی به منظور ذخیره‌سازی-انبارداری وارد وقفه رشدی (دیاپوز-رکود رشدی) کرد. گرچه بروز پدیده دیاپوز بر اثر قرارگیری حشره در دماهای پایین با اثرات کاهنده بر توانمندی زیستی این پارازیتویید همراه است. 1 Trichogramma wasps have been the subject of intensive research because of their wide application in biological control programs since the past decades. Increasing the fitness of Trichogramma during their production and storage was one of the points that have always attracted the attention of researchers, producers and consumers of these biological control agents. Temperature as one of the main environmental factors that influence all life stages has always been effective on the fitness of insects. We investigated the effect of temperatures (10, 14 and 20°C) on the emergence rate, sex ratio, fecundity and mortality of different developmental stages of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hym: Trichogrammatidae) in order to examine the response of parasitoid to low temperatures. Based on the obtained results, larvae and pre-pupae were the most sensitive and resistant life stages of T. brassicae to low temperatures, respectively. A direct relationship was observed between both emergence rate and fecundity of T. brassicae with temperature. The proportion of emerged females did not show a statistically significant difference when parasitoid was exposed at low temperatures. According to the results, T. brassicae can enter dormancy (diapause-quiescence) using cold storage although the diapause incidence through low temperature exposure is associated with reduced fitness of T. brassicae. 197 205 سمیه رحیمی کلده Somayeh Rahimi Kaldeh دانشجوی سابق دکتری، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران s.rahimik@ut.ac.ir احمد عاشوری Ahmad Ashouri استاد، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران ashouri@ut.ac.ir علیرضا بندانی Alireza Bandani استاد، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج ایران abandani@ut.ac.ir temperature Diapause Quiescence Fitness T. brassicae Ayvaz A, Karasu E, Karaborklu S, Tuncbilek A (2008) Effects of cold storage, rearing temperature, parasitoid age and irradiation on the performance of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). 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0 مدل‌های همه‌گیرشناسی Beauveria bassiana (Balasamo)Vuillemin در جمعیت شپشه دندانه‌دار (Linneaus) Oryzaephilus surinamensis در شرایط تغذیه از خرما The Epizootic models of Beauveria bassiana in Sawtoothed Grain Beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis Populations Feeding on Date fruits https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_65401.html 10.22059/jbioc.2017.228861.188 0 قارچ Beauveria bassiana یکی از عوامل کنترل میکروبی شپشه دندانه‌دار Oryzaephilus surinamensis می‌باشد. در این تحقیق به منظور بررسی همه‌گیرشناسی عامل بیمارگر، شپشه دندانه‌دار درون انسکتاریوم‌های حاوی خرما پرورش داده شد. خرما قبل از انتقال به انسکتاریوم با غلظت کشنده 50% قارچ B. bassiana تیمار شد. نمونه‌برداری‌ها در طول 25 هفته انبارداری انجام و جمعیت میزبان در 12 گام محاسبه گردید. تغییرات گروه‌های جمعیتی بر اساس مدل‌های عمومی، اس-آی- ار و آندرسون و می محاسبه شد. در شرایط شاهد و بیماری مدل رشد لجستیک برازش مناسبی از رشد جمعیت نشان ‌داد. مقایسه کارایی مدل‌های مختلف نشان داد که مدل آندرسون و می‌ در بیان ارتباطات مختلف جمعیت‌ها با عامل بیمارگر موفق‌تر از مدل‌های عمومی‌ و اس- آی- ار عمل می‌کند. در منحنی تغییرات تراکم جمعیت آفت در خرمای تیمار شده یک روند سینوسی مشاهده شد به گونه‌ای که تراکم جمعیت در مرحله "پیش‌همه‌گیری" افزایش یافته تا به نقطه اوج منحنی که زمان وقوع همه‌گیری بود، ‌رسید. پس از آن در مرحله "پس‌همه‌گیری" روند کاهشی در منحنی تراکم جمعیت آفت ثبت شد. در دوره انبارداری چهار موج ثبت گردید که نشان دهنده پنج دوره همه‌گیری در جمعیت آفت بود. نقاط اوج این موج‌ها در هفته‌های سوم، سیزدهم، بیست و یکم و بیست و سوم واقع شده بود. طولانی‌ترین دوره ، دوره دوم بود که حدود 12 هفته و کوتاهترین موج همه گیری بود. 1 Beauveria bassiana is one of the microbial control agents of sawtoothed beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis. To study the epizootiology of the entomopathogen in O. surinamensis population, beetles were reared in insectaria filled with date fruits. Before transfer of the insects, date fruits were treated with 50% lethal dose of B. bassiana. Samplings of different life stages of the beetle were done during a 25 week period. The population density of O. surinamensis was estimated in 12 steps. The population fluctuations of the different beetles' life stages were estimated using SIR (Susceptible, Infected and Recovered), Anderson and May and general models. In treated and untreated populations, logistic growth model fitted well to population growth. Comparison of different models showed that the Anderson and May model explain better the various relationships between the populations and the pathogen. A sigmoid trend was observed in the population fluctuation curve in the treated populations, so that the population density of diseased individuals in prepizootic phase increased until attaining the peak where the epizooty took place. Thereafter the postepizootic phase begun with a drop in the density of the affected individual. Five epizootic waves recorded during the sampling period showing the occurrence of five epizootic periods. The peaks of these epizootic waves were recorded in the weeks 3, 13, 21 and 23. 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0 بیمارگری جدایه‌ای بومی از نماتود‌های مرتبط با حشرات، Acrobeloides maximus، علیه لارو‌های کرم خراط،Zeuzera pyrina ، در شرایط آزمایشگاه Efficacy of a Native Entomophilic Nematode Isolate, Acrobeloides maximus, against Leopard Moth Borer Larvae under Laboratory Conditions https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_65487.html 10.22059/jbioc.2017.233933.199 0 مطالعه حاضر به منظور بررسی پتانسیل بیمارگری جدایه‌ی بومی K29 Acrobeloides maximus، از نماتود‌های بیمارگر حشرات از استان کرمان، علیه لارو‌های کرم خراط Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)، مخربترین آفت درختان گردو در ایران، انجام شد. اهداف اصلی این مطالعه شامل ارزیابی بیمارگری درون تشتک پتری و شاخه، بررسی رابطه بین اندازه بدن میزبان و حساسیت به نماتود و همچنین توانایی تولید‌مثل و نفوذ نماتود به بدن آفت می‌شدند. ارزیابی بیمارگری در غلظت‌های 5، 10، 20، 50 و 100 لارو عفونت‌زا به ازای هر لارو آفت در شرایط آزمایشگاه انجام گرفت. میزان LC50 محاسبه شده پس از 72 ساعت 12.1 IJs larva-1 محاسبه شد. در آزمایش‌‌های شاخه نیز این نماتود بیش از 65 درصد تلفات روی لارو‌ها ایجاد و تشریح اجساد لارو‌ها آلودگی نماتودی را در آن‌ها تایید نمود. بررسی رابطه بین اندازه بدن لارو‌های Z. pyrina و حساسیت آن‌ها به نماتود نشان داد که میزان تلفات ایجاد شده در لارو‌های بزرگتر پس از قرار گرفتن در معرض این بیمارگر بیشتر بود. جدایه‌ی K29، نفوذ و تولید‌مثل موفقیت‌آمیزی در بدن لارو‌های خراط و Galleria mellonella داشتند. بیشترین میزان تولید‌مثل در غلظت 20 لارو عفونت‌زا در لارو‌های Z. pyrina (30560.5±559.3 IJs) محاسبه شد. نتایج بیانگر آنست‌که جدایه‌ی بومی K29، قادر به بیمارگری و تکثیر در لارو‌های کرم خراط است. بنابراین می‌توان این نماتود بیمارگر را در برنامه‌های مدیریت تلفیقی کرم خراط مورد توجه قرار داد. لیکن هنوز مطالعات بیشتری در‌خصوص چگونگی ردیابی لارو‌های تیمار شده با این بیمارگر در تنه‌های تنومند درختان گردو لازم است. 1 The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological traits of the native isolate (K29) of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Acrobeloides maximus, from Kerman region against the larvae of Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) the serious pest of walnut trees in Iran. Main purposes were determining the pathogenicity intensities in plate and branch, relationship between host body size and susceptibility to EPNs and reproduction and penetration potential of EPN. Plate assays were performed using a range of EPN concentrations (5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 infective juveniles (IJs) per larva) in laboratory. The LC50 of A. maximus K29 was 12.1 IJs larva-1 against Z. pyrina larvae after 72 h. This EPN caused high insect mortality in branch experiments and dissection of cadavers confirmed nematode infection. The addressing relation between host body size and susceptibility of larvae to nematode showed higher mortality rates in the larger larvae after exposing to A. maximus K29 isolate. The results of the penetration and reproduction assays indicated that A. maximus K29 was able to successfully penetrate and reproduce in the haemocoels of Z. pyrina and G. mellonella larvae. The highest reproduction was recorded at 20 IJs larva-1 in Z. pyrina (30560.5±559.3 IJs). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that A. maximus K29, is virulent to Z. pyrina larvae and it causes infection and successfully recycles in this pest. 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0 اثرات سطوح غذایی بر رفتار میزبان‎یابی مگس Pales murina Mes. ، پارازیتویید شب‌پرۀ‌ برگ‎خوار دو نواری Streblote siva (Lefebvre) Effects of trophic levels on Host-Finding behavior of Pales murina a tachinid parasitoid of Streblote siva https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_65498.html 10.22059/jbioc.2017.136323.112 0 مگس پارازیتویید Pales murina Mes. (Dip., Tachinidae)، جهت پارازیتیسم شب‎پرۀ برگ‎خوار دو نواری، Streblote siva (Lefebvre) (Lep., Lasiocampidae) ، تخم‎های کوچک خود را روی برگ درختان میزبان حشرۀ آفت قرار می‎دهد. موفقیت پارازیتیسم بستگی به انتخاب گیاه میزبان مناسب جهت تخم‎ریزی پارازیتویید، قرار دادن تخم نزدیک میزبان و بلعیده شدن تخم توسط لارو میزبان دارد. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی اثرات سطوح غذایی گیاه- گیاه‌خوار بر رفتار میزبان‎یابی مگس پارازیتویید و میزان موفقیت آن، است. برای این منظور پاسخ‎های رفتاری مگس P. murina از نظر حس بویایی و بینایی نسبت به لارو، گیاه، مدفوع و بوهای مواد ثانویۀ متابولیکی متصاعد شده از گیاهان مختلف میزبان حشرۀ آفت با استفاده از دستگاه‌های بویایی‎سنج و تونل هوا سنجیده شد. نتایج آزمایش‎های بویایی‎سنج نشان داد که تفاوت معنی‌دار در سطح احتمال پنج درصد بین حرکت مگس‎های پارازیتویید به سمت تیمار کُنوکارپوس با صدمۀ زیستی با سایر تیمارها مشاهده شد (χ2=12.019, P=0.007,df=3). مگس پارازیتویید با اختلاف معنی‎داری به تیمار مدفوع لاروهای شب‎پرۀ برگ‎خوار دو نواری نسبت به بقیۀ تیمارها جلب شد (χ2=9.940, P=0.019,df=3). نتایج زیست‎سنجی تونل هوا اختلاف معنی‎داری بین کُنوکارپوس با خسارت زیستی نسبت به خسارت مکانیکی (χ2=14.40, df=1, P=0.000)، کُنوکارپوس با خسارت زیستی در مقابل اِستبرق با خسارت زیستی (χ2=18.667, df=1, P=0.000) و مدفوع در مقابل ماسه مرطوب (χ2=4.90, df=1, P=0.027) نشان داد. راهبرد مگس پارازیتویید P. murina برای موفقیت میزان پارازیتیسم و بقا شامل شناسایی محل خسارت توسط لارو میزبان، تشخیص گیاه مناسب، شناسایی مواد ثانویۀ متابولیکی حاصل از هم‎کنش گیاه- میزبان و مدفوع لارو میزبان می‎باشد. 1 Pales murina Mes. (Tachinidae) which is parasitoid of Jujube Lappet moth Streblote siva (Lefebvre) (Lasiocampidae) in south of Iran, deposits numerous very small eggs (microtype) on the foliages of their caterpillar hosts. Parasitization is successful when the S. siva larva swallow the eggs. To increase parasitization some factors are involved: choosing suitable plants, laying their eggs near the hosts, ingesting eggs by caterpillar host. The behavioral responses of P. murina were investigated to odors from its host and hosts plants infested with the fly’s host, S. siva, in an olfactometer and wind tunnel. It was studied to determine the factors which effect on orientation, searching and host-finding. In this way, they can be detected more readily than volatile cues emitted from herbivores, Semiochemicals infested plants (Conocarpus erectus and Calotropis procera) and frass. Results of olfactometer showed a significantly higher rate of landing of P. murina on caterpillar infested Conocarpus erectus than on rest (χ2=12.019, P=0.007, df=3). Also differences were detected between treatments fresh frass with the rests (χ2=9.940, P=.019, df=3). Results of bioassay of wind tunnel showed that there was significant difference between caterpillar infested and mechanically wounded C. erectus (χ2=14.40, df=1, P=0.000), caterpillar infested C. erectus vs. C. procera (χ2=18.667, df=1, P=0.000) and fresh frass vs. sand (χ2=4.90, df=1, P=0.027). The results show that P. murina exploits a different host- finding strategy to make use of specific Semiochemicals coming from suitable plant–herbivore interaction as odors and fresh frass of host in order to increase their parasitization success. 233 243 ناصر فرار Nasser Farrar عضو هیات علمی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان بوشهر - دانشجوی دکتری سابق گروه گیاه‌پزشکی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه ایران farrar29@gmail.com عباسعلی زمانی Abbas Ali Zamani دانشیارگروه گیاه‏پزشکی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه ایران azamani@razi.ac.ir ناصر معینی نقده Nasser Moeeny Naghadeh استادیار گروه گیاه‏پزشکی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران moeeny@razi.ac.ir مصطفی حقانی Mostafa Haghani دانشیار گروه گیاه‏پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه یاسوج ایران mostafahaghani@gmail.com ابراهیم عزیزخانی Ebrahim Azizkhani استادیار گروه حفاظت و حمایت، موسسه تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع کشور، تهران ایران eazizkhani@gmail.com Pales murina Streblote siva Trophic levels Host- Finding Altieri MA (1982) Effects of plant extracts on the rates of parasitization of Anagasta kuehniella (Lep., Pyralidae) eggs by Trichogramma pretiosum (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) under greenhouse conditions. 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0 واکنش تابعی کنه شکارگر Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) نسبت به تراکم‌های مختلف تریپس غربیگل Frankliniella occidentalis (Thsanoptera: Thripidae) سالم و تیمار شده با قارچ Beauveria bassiana Functional response of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on untreated and Beauveria bassiana-treated Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_65874.html 10.22059/jbioc.2017.233824.198 0 تریپس‌ها از آفات مهم محصولات گلخانه‌ای هستند که علاوه بر خسارت مستقیم موجب انتقال بیماری‌های ویروسی نیز می‌شوند. واکنش تابعی عامل مهمی در انتخاب دشمنان طبیعی برای کنترل بیولوژیک آفات محسوب می‌شود. کنه شکارگر Amblyseius swirskii و قارچ‌ بیمارگر حشرات Beauveria bassiana از مهمترین دشمنان طبیعی تریپس غربی گل هستند. واکنش تابعی کنه شکارگر روی لارو تریپس‌های تیمار نشده و تیمار شده با جدایه JEF-007 قارچ در سه فاصله زمانی 0، 24 و 36 ساعت مطالعه گردید. در این پژوهش، واکنش تابعی کنه شکارگر روی تریپس غربی گل در شرایط آزمایشگاهی (Cº 1±25، رطوبت 10±70% و دوره‌ی نوری 16 ساعت روشنایی و 8 ساعت تاریکی) مورد بررسی و مقایسه قرار گرفت. آزمایش درون ظرف پتری به مدت 24 ساعت انجام شد. هر یک از تراکم‌های (2، 4، 6، 8، 10، 12، 16 و 20) تریپس در 10 تکرار، در اختیار یک کنه ماده بالغ حداکثر با عمر 24 ساعت قرار داده شد و پس از گذشت 24 ساعت تعداد حشرات کشته شده توسط کنه شمارش شد. واکنش تابعی با استفاده از مدل راجرز، برای همه تیمارها از نوع II تعیین شد. مقایسه‌ی نتایج حاصل از پارامترهای واکنش تابعی در تیمارهای مختلف نشان داد که زمان دستیابی کنه‌ی شکارگر روی لاروهای تریپس غربی گل که در بازه‌ی زمانی 24 ساعت پس از آلودگی در معرض کنه‌ی شکارگر قرار گرفته بودند با شاهد اختلاف معنی‌دار داشت اما این اختلاف بین تیمارهای شاهد و بازه‌ی زمانی صفر ساعت و 36 ساعت پس از پاشش قارچ مشاهده نشد. 1 Thrips are important greenhouse pest that cause transmitting viruses in addition to direct damage. Functional response is an important factor in selection of natural enemies for the biological control of pests. The general predator Amblyseius swirskii and entomopathogenic fungus are the most important natural enemies of western flower thrips (WFT) Frankliniella occidentalis in most area. The functional response of the predatory mite, A. swirskii was examined on either untreated or Beauveria bassiana (isolate JEF-007) treated larvae of the WFT after three time intervals: 0, 24 and 36-h treatments. The functional response were studied in the laboratory condition (25±1 ºC, 70±10 % RH and photoperiod of 16:8 h (L: D)), and densities of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 20 larvae per Petri dish, over 24h. The data were good fit to Rogers-II functional response model for all of untreated and B. bassiana-treated insects. Comparisons of the results of functional response parameters in different treatments indicated that the handling time on western flower trips 24 hours after infection had significantly different with the control but there were no significantly different among treatments control, 0 hour after infection and 36 hour after infection of the fungus. 245 255 مرجان حیدریان دهکردی Marjan Heidarian Dehkordi دانشگاه تهران ایران marjan.heidarian@gmail.com حسین اللهیاری Hossein Allahyari دانشگاه تهران ایران allahyar@ut.ac.ir رضا طلایی حسنلویی Reza Talaei-Hasanlouie گروه گیاهپزشکی - دانشگاه تهران ایران rtalaei@ut.ac.ir بروس پارکر Bruce Parker دانشگاه ورمونت آمریکا آمریکا bparker@uvm.edu Amblyseius swirskii Entomopathogenic fungi Functional response Ahn JJ, Kim KW, Lee JH (2010) Functional response of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on strawberry leaves. 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0 بررسی کارآیی جدایه‌های مختلف قارچLecanicillium muscarium علیه بالشک مرکبات Pulvinaria aurantii Study on efficiency of different isolates of Lecanicillium muscarium against Pulvinaria aurantii https://jbiocontrol.ut.ac.ir/article_65875.html 10.22059/jbioc.2018.208987.158 0 بالشک مرکبات Pulvinaria auranti از مهم‌ترین آفات مرکبات به شمار می‌رود و هرساله موجب خسارت اقتصادی روی محصول می‌شود. در این تحقیق 9 جدایه‌ قارچ Lecanicillium muscarium از باغ‌های مرکبات غرب مازندران و شرق گیلان جمع آوری و پس از شناسایی، کارآیی آنها روی بالشک مرکبات در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 10 تیمار و 4 تکرار مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. بیمارگری قارچ با محلول‌پاشی 106×5 اسپور در میلی‌لیتر آب از هر جدایه روی بالشک مرکبات تعیین شد. درصد تلفات جدایه‌های قارچ بیمارگر روی بالشک مرکبات محاسبه شد و نتایج نشان داد که تیمارها با یکدیگر اختلاف معنی‌دار دارند. مقایسه میانگین‌ درصد تلفات تیمارها نشان داد که جدایه‌ 6 ، 7، 8 و 9 بدون اختلاف معنی‌دار با یکدیگر بیشترین درصد تلفات و جدایه‌های 2 و 5 کمترین درصد تلفات را روی بالشک مرکبات ایجاد کردند. بنابراین قارچ L. muscarium روی بالشک مرکبات بیمارگر بوده و با توجه به درصد تلفات آن روی آفت، می‌تواند به عنوان یک عامل میکروبی موثر در کاهش جمعیت آن باشد. 1 Orange pulvinaria scale, Pulvinaria aurantii, is one of the most important pests on citrus in Iran. It causes economic damage on the citrus products, annually. The present investigation was conducted to identify different isolates of entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium muscarium and it's efficiency against P. aurantii. Nine isolates of L. muscarium were collected from infected orange pulvinaria scale in west of Mazandaran and east of Guilan provinces. For evaluation of these isolates against P. aurantii, a suspension of 5×106 spore/ml was sprayed on it. In this regard, a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 4 replications were used. The mortality percentage of each isolate on P. aurantii was calculated and the results showed that treatments had significant differences with each other. The comparison of mean treatments showed that isolates 6, 7, 8 and 9 produced the highest and isolates 2 and 5 produced the lowest mortality percentage. Thus, L. muscarium is pathogenic on P. aurantii and according to high mortality on it, could be as an effective microbial agent in reducing pest population. 257 260 سیروس آقاجانزاده Sirous Aghajanzadeh عضو هیئت علمی ایران aghajanzadehs@yahoo.com حسین طاهری Hossein Taheri عضو هیئت علمی ایران taheri81@yahoo.com citrus biological control Lecanicillium muscarium Pulvinaria aurantii Aghajanzadeh S, Farrokhi Sh, Mahdavian SE (2008) Investigation on possibility of biological control of Pulvinaria scale, Pulvinaria auranti Cockerelli, using Cryptolaemusmontrouzieri and Verticillium lecanii. Final Report of Research Project, Iran Citrus Research Institute, Ramsar 40.(In Persian).##Ahmadi K, Gholizadeh H, Ebadzadeh H, Hoseinpour R, Hatami F, Rezaei MM, Arab H, Kazmifard R, Abdeshah H, Sefidi H (2015) Agricultural statistics. Center for Information and Communication Technology, Tehran.(In Persian).##Davachi AS (1949)Important pests of field crops and their control measures.Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran.(In Persian).##Esmaeili M (1996)Important pests of fruit trees. Sepehr Publication Center, Tehran.(In Persian).##Faria M, Wraight S (2007) Mycoinsecticides and mycoacaricides,a comprehensive list with worldwide coverage and international classification of formulation types. Biological Control 43(3): 237–256.##Gams W, Zare R (2002)New generic concepts in Vericillium, section Prostrata. Mycological Research 106(2): 129-131.##Gonzales E, Martinez MA, Martinez B (1995) Effectiveness in vitro of Verticillium lecanii against Planococcussp..Revista de Protection Vegetal 10 (3): 265-268.##Jafari MA, Mafi Sh (2000) Complementary investigation on biology and seasonal population dynamic of orange pulvinaria scale. Final Report of Research Project.Agricultural Research Center of Mazandaran,Sari. 28. (In Persian).##Jayaraj S(1989) Integrated management of coffee green scale Coccus viridis (Hom.: Coccidae). Journal of Plantation Crops 16:195-201.##Keriokhin GA (1947) Scale insects of fruit trees in Iran. Journal of Plant Pests and Diseases 9: 22-1.##Mirabzadeh A, Moazemi N, Amirsadeqi S, Jafari MA (2000)The effect of the fungus Verticillium lecanii on orange pulvinaria scale, Pulvinaria aurantii, and its isolation from the pest. In: the 14th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, 4-7September, University of Isfahan, Iran 330. (In Persian).##Shabanian F, Dolati L, Aghajanzadeh S, Golein B (2011) Identification of the fungus Lecanicillium muscariumisolates biocontrol agent of orange pulvinaria scale, Pulvinaria aurantii.In: the First National Congress of Agricultural Science and New Technologies, 10-12September, ZanjanUniversity, Iran 608-610.(In Persian).##Zare R, and Gams W (2001) A revision of Verticillium section Prostrata, III.Generic classification. Nova Hedwigia 72: 329-337.##